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• W7746174 abstract "During the last century, a number of “unusual” biological inheritance events have been discovered where traits are inherited over cell divisions or over generations of organisms, but these are less stable than traditional DNA-sequence-based inheritance and obviously violate the Mendelian rules. Often it has been found that such phenotypic traits switch between predefined states that are then somehow stable; like plants changing flower morphology and flowering time or bacteria changing the expression of their surface proteins. Based on these properties the term “epigenetics” was coined. In mammals, other well-known examples of epigenetic phenomena include the so-called imprinted genes, which are expressed from only one of the parental alleles, or the random silencing of one X chromosome in females, which makes every female organism a genetics mosaic, visible for example in the mottled skin color of some cats. In a similar way, differentiating cells in a multicellular organism change and manifest their biological identity on the basis of epigenetic programs. This underscores the idea that any natural development of mammals and many human disease processes, including aging, allergy and cancer, can only be understood at the level of epigenetics. When researchers went into the molecular details of epigenetic processes, they discovered that chemical modifications of the bases of the DNA and the so-called histones proteins (which package DNA into chromatin) are responsible for epigenetic effects. These marks include the methylation of lysine and arginine residues in histones, methylation and hydroxymethylation of cytosine in DNA, and acetylation, phosphorylation, and other modifications of the histone proteins. It is striking to note that the methylation of DNA and proteins, which possibly represents the smallest chemical interference in biochemistry, turned out to be one of the key players in epigenetic regulation. The study of molecular epigenetics combines searching for and quantifying epigenetic marks, investigation of the mechanisms and enzymes setting and removing the marks, and the study of proteins that read and interpret such marks. Research in molecular epigenetics is challenging because of the variability of epigenetic signals, which change with cell cycle and depend on cell type and their position in the genome (Figure 1). Furthermore, epigenetic signals differ between individuals and between healthy and diseased state, as well as being affected by the environment. The puzzle of epigenetics research studying molecular marks at the interface of genetics and genomics, biochemistry, cell biology, developmental biology and molecular medicine. The last decade has brought tremendous advances in our understanding of the fundamental principles of molecular epigenetics and gene regulation. It is therefore very appropriate for ChemBioChem to publish a special issue on this topic that highlights the importance of the interplay between biology and chemistry for moving this field forward. In this issue, general aspects of histone-tail modifications and chromatin structure regulation (Reinberg and Voigt, Allis and Muir), arginine methylation (Bedford and Cheng), lysine acetylation and deacetylation (Denu et al.), DNA methylation (Jeltsch et al.), and nucleosome remodeling (Hayes et al.) are covered. Van Leeuwen et al. review different histone modifications, Denu and Oliver discuss their interplay at the H3 tail, and Trievel et al. focus on H3 lysine 9 methylation and demethylation. Other papers describe methods, like Gozani et al. presenting a novel approach to identifying substrates of lysine methyltransferases, Hang and Yang focusing on detection and synthesis of acetylated proteins and Vermeulen et al. reviewing proteomics approaches in molecular epigenetics. Despite being fascinated, thrilled, and astonished by all this progress, sometimes even specialists feel overwhelmed by all the new molecular details emerging at a rapid pace. Furthermore, by acquiring new knowledge, we often simply seem to move the questions by one layer. For example, if a new pathway, mark or enzyme is identified this immediately leads to the next question of how this novel element is controlled and regulated. Certainly, the “final” epigenetic and gene regulation picture will be a network of numerous marks and countless factors and enzymes, many of which influence one another. It might become a task of systems biology to ultimately describe this network mathematically by differential equations based on the molecular findings. This will allow computer modeling of the molecular species and fluxes, and eventually simulation of the switches in gene expression profiles that are self propagating and persistent. Perhaps we cannot expect that the human brain, developed in early hominids to equip them to get along with their environment, is able to “comprehend” or “understand” such complex systems. By then, molecular biology might have come to a point at which a complex system can be described by mathematical language but not fully allow the human observer to “understand” its meaning, similar to what happened in quantum physics one century ago. Apart from these philosophical concerns, the future promises of molecular epigenetics research are enormous, and its potential impact on human health and disease is immense. This is, for example, documented in the field of cellular reprogramming, which builds on the notion that cellular differentiation is determined by epigenetics and aims to generate new tissues from patient cells. Once successful, safe and validated, such a procedure will revolutionize medicine because it will make heterologous organ transplantation obsolete and provide us with an almost unlimited supply of spare organs. Since these organs will be genetically identical to the patient, there will be no organ rejection and immune suppression will be unnecessary. We are convinced it will take a lot of additional basic and applied epigenetics research at the molecular and cellular level to make this vision come true. Indeed, we hope this special issue will stimulate both biologists and chemists to deepen their interaction and continue developing new approaches for the study of this fascinating research field. For further reading see: refs. 1–6. 1 1" @default.
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• W7746174 date "2011-01-18" @default.
• W7746174 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
• W7746174 title "Editorial: Molecular Epigenetics: Connecting Human Biology and Disease with Little Marks" @default.
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• W7746174 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201000779" @default.
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