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• W775891956 abstract "Sorting the Neighborhood Saving the Neighborhood: Racially Restrictive Covenants, Law, AND SOCIAL Norms. By Richard R. W. Brooks & Carol M. Rose. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2013. 304 pages. $49.95.IntroductionSaving the Neighborhood provides a rich historical account of the methods white homeowners used to keep black homeowners out of their neighborhoods. The book primarily focuses on racially restrictive property covenants (racial covenants or RCs), i.e., private contracts where property owners agreed not to sell, lease, or give their homes to nonwhites. White homeowners used racial covenants to exclude blacks because they believed that black neighbors would harm their property values. The only way to save their white neighborhoods, they concluded, was to keep the neighborhoods racially pure. Although Saving the Neighborhood's dis- cussion of legally unenforceable racial covenants is largely backwards looking, the story of RCs provides an insight into why blacks and Latinos continue to have lower homeownership rates than whites and why the racial wealth gap continues to widen. Indeed, to this day, the legacy of RCs shapes blacks' and Latinos' economic opportunities.Part I of this Book Review discusses Saving the Neighborhood and briefly describes how white homeowners and their allies relied on racially discriminatory public zoning laws and private covenants to exclude non- whites from white neighborhoods. Part II then discusses the benefits and burdens that blacks and Latinos currently receive in housing and lending markets. The experiences blacks and Latinos face, which I refer to as the perils of buying while black or brown, have always differed from the experiences whites have encountered when they sought to buy homes.* 1 For example, Part II explains that whites have always resisted living near blacks and have avoided living in racially integrated neighborhoods. In addition, while public zoning laws and RCs can no longer be used to keep blacks out of white neighborhoods, blacks are still discriminated against in housing markets because realtors continue to steer blacks and Latinos away from white neighborhoods.Part II explains that, despite fair lending laws, banks still discriminate against blacks and Latinos when they apply for mortgages. For example, studies conducted during the recent housing bubble and crash show that blacks and Latinos were disproportionately steered to higher cost mortgage products. In addition, while race-restrictive public zoning laws are illegal, class-based public zoning laws are legal, and these exclusionary laws shut certain disfavored homeowners-typically blacks, Latinos, and lower income Americans-out of certain neighborhoods. In short, as was true when RCs were legal, property owners who harbor racial biases against nonwhite home buyers receive help from other market actors in their quest to avoid living near blacks or Latinos in racially mixed neighborhoods.Part III then shows that many neighborhoods that were kept segregated by RCs continue to be racially segregated and are increasingly segregated by income. In turn, these economically and racially segregated neighbor- hoods have now created K-12 public schools that are sorted both by race and by income. The Review concludes by showing how sorting neighbor- hoods and schools by race and income has had, and will continue to have, devastating economic consequences for black and Latino overall wealth, income, and college attainment rates.I. Saving the NeighborhoodSaving the Neighborhood examines court cases, real estate filings, and other historical documents to show that racial covenants were a formal legal norm that reinforced the social norms of racial exclusion.2 The book, at times, uses economic game theories (including Hawk/Dove, Prisoner's Dilemma, and Stag Hunt) to help explain how and why whites tried to exclude blacks from their neighborhoods. …" @default.
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• W775891956 title "Sorting the Neighborhood" @default.
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