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• W775913445 abstract "VALUES AND INTERESTSPart Three [of System and Process in International Politics] has the purpose of clarifying the nature of values and interests and the nature of the relation of value to system level. Thus conflicts between national and individual interests can be given systematic treatment. By relating values to systems and system processes, it is possible to construct models that predict whether functional or pathological regulatory mechanisms will be adopted and whether integrative activities will be satisfactory or not. Such models depend upon specific system structure and circumstances....The needs of a system are set by the structure of the system. The objectives of a system are set by its needs in its environment as it understands that environment. The objectives of a system are values for the system. The objectives which, in fact, would satisfy the needs of the system are valuable for that system.It is possible to determine scientifically, within varying margins of error, what a system values and what is valuable for the system. Whether a system values the valuable depends upon its state of information. Within this context, information refers not to consciously held information but to information that reaches the effective centers of decision making.The fact that the valuable can be determined by scientific method does not imply that the needs of different systems can be reconciled under all circumstances. However, to the extent that cooperative action is an instrumental need and to the extent that cooperation will fail if individual actions within the cooperative organizational nexus are viewed attitudinally as instrumental^ rather than as intrinsically important, the needs of some systems will become autonomous needs of some other systems. Moreover, there will be a strain to change the environment in order to eliminate conditions creating conflict-at least within some grouping arrangement even if not generally. Thus, each individual cannot be enemies with all other individuals, or each social system with all other social systems except at very high cost.THE OBJECTIVITY OF NATIONAL INTERESTA debate has raged concerning whether the national is objective. Those who regard the national as objective usually regard national interests as permanent, unchanging, and related to power. Those who regard the national as subjective usually affirm that it includes values other than power. They also cite disagreement between individuals and groups of individuals concerning the national as proof that it is subjective. Objectivists reply by making a distinction between interests and passions or between interests and opinions.The of a system is to obtain the valuable. The of a nation is to satisfy national needs. Thus national interests are objective, and there are as many national interests as national needs.However, what lies behind the distinction between and interest historically has been commonplace in discussions of statecraft. Does a sharp distinction between analytic levels of action permit a more precise analysis of the problem of the national interest?PASSIONS AND INTERESTSNational interests have been identified as objective although related to the national level of action and to the structure of the system of action at the national level. However, this does not account for the historic distinction between interest and passion. Does this distinction reflect simply a dispute concerning the national interest? Or is some more basic issue involved?Many times policies have been opposed as based on passion or sentiment rather than on interest. Somehow this use of and interest implies that some objectives are more ephemeral or less real than other objectives. Although the distinction between and interest rarely is precisely explained, it appears to rest upon the belief that national actors are concrete physical entities. …" @default.
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• W775913445 date "2014-06-01" @default.
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• W775913445 title "Values, National Interests, and Other Interests" @default.
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