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- W776366945 abstract "The presence of bi-articular muscles in tetrapod limbs has created an enigmatic paradox. When the rectus femoris acts alone, knee is extended but hip is flexed. When the hamstering acts alone, knee is flexed but hip is extended. When both muscles act together, however, they act as a braking againt each other for one joint whereas they act coordinately for another joint. To solve the paradox and examaine functional roles of and motion control over mono- and bi-articular muscles, biomechanical studies have been performed on human arms and legs. The results were also tested using experimental robotic analyses. As we have proposed a coordinated motion control model, the results have demonstrated that three antagonistic pairs of six mono- and bi-articular muscles control coordinately output force and force direction at the wrist or ankle, perform weight-bearing motion and maintain stable posture. These antagonistic muscles are defined as functionally different effective muscular system (FEMS) of the two-joint link mechanism. Based on anatomical and/or functional studies of basal vertebrates including amphioxus, mudskippers (teleosts), Latimeria (coelacanth) and lungfishes, we have further investigated the origin and evolution of FEMS in vertebrates. We will present the results and discuss the model, particularly by focusing on the contact-task during a fish to tetrapod transition in the Devonian." @default.
- W776366945 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W776366945 date "2015-04-01" @default.
- W776366945 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W776366945 title "A Coordinated Motion Control of Mono‐ and Bi‐articular Muscles in Tetrapod Limbs: Morphology, Function and Evolution" @default.
- W776366945 doi "https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.865.3" @default.
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