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• W777551330 abstract "Dialect Contact, Convergence, and Maintenance in Oregon Athabaskan J USTIN S PENCE University of California, Davis Introduction The Oregon Athabaskan languages were once spoken in an area stretching from the upper reaches of the Umpqua River in present-day Douglas County in Oregon to Del Norte County in northern California. Tensions fueled by an influx of Euro-American settlers from the 1840s onwards culminated in the Rogue River Indian Wars of 1855-1856 (Miller and Seaburg 1990, Schwartz 1997). Ostensibly for their own protection, most indigenous people of the region were dispossessed and consolidated on the Siletz and Grand Ronde reservations in the northwest part of the state, far from their ancestral homelands. Traditional food sources were scarce, and chronic undernutrition and disease took a heavy toll (Kent 1973, Bureau of Indian Affairs 1979). Those who managed to survive found themselves thrust elbow-to-elbow in a small number of reservation communities organized according to coarse-grained ethnolinguistic similarities. As elsewhere in North America, the long-term linguistic consequences of this forced reset- tlement are by now all too familiar. Population loss, reservation life, and adaptation to a wage economy created an imperative for indigenous people to communicate in new ways, both with each other and with agents of the foreign culture that had uprooted them (Zenk 1988). Regional contact languages – initially Chinook Wawa (also known as Chinook Jargon), eventually English – gained new prominence in everyday life and gradually supplanted traditional forms of speech. By the mid-twentieth century, all of the Oregon Athabaskan languages were highly endangered; with the marginal exception of Tolowa, as far as is known none has survived to the present day (Pierce and Ryherd 1964, Golla 2011). While the sociolinguistic setting leading to the obsolescence of Oregon Athabaskan is thus readily apparent, less well-understood are the system-internal consequences of reservation life on the Athabaskan languages themselves. Language shift did not happen overnight: most Oregon Athabaskan languages were still being acquired by children for the first half-century or more after resettlement, and at least three generations of speakers were multilingual to varying degrees in Athabaskan languages, Chinook Wawa, and English. There was thus ample opportunity for contact-induced linguistic changes to take place, including those due to the mutual influence of different varieties of Oregon Athabaskan on one another. Indeed, it would be surprising if such changes did not occur, since the overall demographic profile of resettlement on reservations – abrupt relocation of closely related speech varieties to a relatively restricted geographic area – is broadly similar to better-studied cases of dialect contact, such as large-scale migration to cities and colonies that led to the emergence of mixed varieties of English, Norwegian, and Hindi (Kerswill 1994, 2002; Kerswill and Williams 2000; Trudgill 1986, 2004; Kerswill and Trudgill A common outcome of dialect contact is koineization, which can be understood as the gradu- al convergent leveling of dialect differences over successive generations of speakers raised in close proximity to each other. Apparently this was the result of the resettlement of Athabaskan- speaking people at Siletz as well. Reporting on his work there in the mid-1960s, Golla (1976:218) noted that most of the differences between the Lower Rogue River dialects of Oregon" @default.
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• W777551330 date "2013-01-01" @default.
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• W777551330 title "Dialect Contact, Convergence, and Maintenance in Oregon Athabaskan" @default.
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