FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W777670448> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W777670448 abstract "Process options to minimise the environmental impact and improve the efficiency of biodiesel production have been investigated. The process options considered include the use of heterogeneous catalysts and used cooking oil (UCO). An esterification pre-treatment reaction was investigated using an ion-exchange resin (Purolite D5082) and an immobilised enzyme (Novozyme 435). Another immobilised enzyme (Amano Lipase PS-IM) was investigated for transesterification. The fresh and used catalysts have been characterised. The catalytic activity of Purolite D5082, Novozyme 435 and Amano Lipase PS-IM have been investigated using a jacketed batch reactor with a reflux condenser. Purolite D5082 has been developed for the esterification pre-treatment process and is not commercially available. Novozyme 435 has been shown to be an effective esterification catalyst for materials with high concentrations of free fatty acid but it has not been investigated for the esterification pre-treatment reaction. It was found that a high conversion was possible with both catalysts. The optimum reaction conditions identified for Purolite D5081 were a temperature of 60 C, a methanol to free fatty acid (FFA) mole ratio of 62:1, a catalyst loading of 5 wt% resulting in a FFAs conversion of 88% after 8 h of reaction time. The optimum conditions identified for Novozyme 435 were a temperature of 50 C, a methanol to FFA mole ratio of 6.2:1 and a catalyst loading of 1 wt% resulting in a conversion of 90% after 8 h of reaction time. These catalysts were compared to previously investigated Purolite D5081 and it was found that the highest conversion of 97% was achieved using Purolite D5081, however there were benefits to using Novozyme 435 because the reaction could be carried out using a much lower mole ratio, at a lower temperature and in much shorter reaction time.During the Novozyme 435 catalysed esterification pre-treatment reactions it was found that the amount of free fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) formed during the reaction was greater than the amount of FFAs consumed. In order to investigate further an ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method was developed to monitor the monogclyeride (MG), diglyceride (DG) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations. This analytical method was used to show that Novozyme 435 would catalyse the esterification of FFAs as well as the transesterification of MGs and DGs typically found in UCO. With the UPLC-MS method it was possible to separate the 1, 2 and 1, 3 DG positional isomers and from this it could be seen that the 1, 3 isomer reacted more readily than the 1, 2 isomer. The results from the UPLC-MS method were combined with a kinetic model to investigate the reaction mechanism. The kinetic model indicated that the reaction progressed with the sequential hydrolysis esterification reactions in parallel with transesterification. Commercially available Amano Lipase PS-IM was investigated for the transesterification reaction. Enzymes are not affected by FFAs and as a result the optimisation was carried out with UCO as the raw material. An optimisation study for the transesterification of UCO with Amano Lipase PS-IM has not previously been reported. The conditions identified for the Amano Lipase PS-IM catalysed transesterification step are addition of 5 vol% water, a temperature of 30 C, a methanol to UCO mole ratio of 3:1 and a catalyst loading of 0.789 wt% resulting in a TG conversion of 43%. An overall enzyme catalysed process was proposed consisting of Amano Lipase PS-IM catalysed transesterification (stage 1) followed by Novozyme 435 catalysed esterification (stage 2). The previously identified optimum conditions identified for each catalyst were used for above stages. It was found that when the oil layer from stage 1 was dried the final TG conversion was 55%." @default.
• W777670448 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W777670448 creator A5000147694 @default.
• W777670448 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W777670448 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W777670448 title "Environmentally benign biodiesel production by heterogeneous catalysis" @default.
• W777670448 cites W1487939932 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1964321439 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1965787870 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1965898465 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1966740873 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1966809317 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1968758573 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1970487240 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1971046775 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1973957550 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1974409299 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1975626141 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1975775772 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1975999353 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1976638590 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1976717031 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1978299208 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1979575797 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1980933271 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1986339777 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1987249428 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1987950815 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1990398216 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1990706426 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1991452038 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1993178334 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1994412250 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1996348397 @default.
• W777670448 cites W1997780179 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2000993148 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2001871090 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2004459098 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2004839772 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2008085492 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2008467957 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2013154021 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2017867199 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2018020225 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2021888743 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2024770549 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2028677748 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2030737743 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2031881729 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2032349818 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2032541792 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2033966071 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2039084666 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2039185228 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2040570374 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2041865803 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2042207502 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2044718702 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2045006383 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2045422494 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2047172209 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2047188485 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2048367156 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2049175053 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2054595603 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2054690772 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2058446072 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2060253283 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2060533710 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2060726164 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2062219808 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2062940752 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2063786794 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2064587534 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2065085752 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2066802696 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2066958464 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2069262041 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2069795222 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2071199224 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2071231465 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2071794577 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2073432450 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2073909372 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2077099322 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2077505853 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2077642268 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2079664582 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2080206853 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2080262752 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2080621258 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2081214996 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2081612122 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2081986855 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2082177767 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2082277606 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2082336808 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2082374983 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2083509093 @default.
• W777670448 cites W2083602836 @default.

• next