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• W780931779 abstract "The western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, is a frequent, chronic pest of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) in western North America, whereas the apple maggot fly, R. pomonella (Walsh), uses this host rarely. We compared male terri toriality and other aspects of host use by these species on sour cherry in the laboratory. When flies were released singly onto fruits, residence times of both sexes of R. indifferens were longer than those o?R. pomonella, and females of R. indifferens attempted to oviposit much more frequently than did R. pomonella females. During conspecific encounters, males of R. indifferens interacted for longer periods of time than did R. pomonella males, were more active per unit time, and were more likely to engage in aggressive behavior (e.g., pouncing). One fly was actively driven off the fruit in 17% of trials involving R. indifferens males vs. 4% of trials involving R. pomonella males. In head-to-head encounters between species, R. indifferens males were more likely to be the sole fly remaining on a fruit. Fly size (as determined by maximum head width) did not appear to influence the outcome of conspecific encounters between R. indifferens males. Both phenological and behavioral differences between R. indifferens and R. pomonella appear to account for their different degrees of association with sour cherry in Utah. In some insects, males attempt to mate by intercepting females on or around resources used for oviposition (Baker, 1983; Thornhill and Alcock, 1983). Male fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis establish short-term territories on host fruits, which serve as the primary mating site (e.g., Prokopy and Bush, 1973; Smith and Prokopy, 1980). Aggression between conspecific or heterospecific males may be common when population density is high (Papaj, 1994), and several types of agonistic behavior have been observed both in the field and laboratory (Boyce, 1934; Biggs, 1972). Here we describe male territoriality in two Rhagoletis species that differ in their degree of association with a common host. The western cherry fruit fly, R. indifferens Curran, is indigenous to northwestern North America, where it has infested cultivated cherries (Prunus spp.) for more than 75 years (Bush, 1966). This species was first reported in Utah in 1980, and rapidly became an abundant, chronic pest in all cherry-growing regions (Davis and Jones, 1986). The apple maggot fly, R. pomonella (Walsh), is commonly associated with native black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii Lindley, in Utah and Colorado (Davis and Jones, 1986; Kroening et al., 1989). It was confirmed to attack sour cherry, Prunus cerasus L., in one region of Utah in 1983 (Jorgensen et al., 1986), probably following dispersal from nearby hawthorn stands (Mc Pheron, 1990). These localized populations of R. pomonella soon dwindled or disappeared from sour-cherry orchards, however, while densities of R. indifferens increased (Allred and Jorgensen, 1993). Elsewhere in North America, the apple maggot attacks cherries only sporadically (Shervis et al., 1970, and references therein), and never within the geographic range of R. indifferens. This study Accepted for publication 19 November 1994. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:05:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2 207 examines differences in post-alightment behavior of R. indifferens and R. po monella, and focuses on territoriality in males. Aggression between males has been characterized separately for the two species (Biggs, 1972; AliNiazee, 1974); we compared conspecific and heterospecific interactions under identical laboratory conditions. Materials and Methods Flies used in the experiments were obtained from naturally infested fruits at two nearby sites in Cache Co., Utah. Larvae of R. indifferens were collected from an abandoned sour cherry orchard in Providence; R. pomonella larvae were col lected from black hawthorn fruits in Wellsville. Fruits were placed on screens over moist vermiculite, which provided a medium for pupation as larvae left the fruit. Puparia were chilled at 6-8?C for 7-10 months, and then incubated at 25?C and 16L:8D photoperiod. Emerging adults were placed in 30 x 30 x 30 cm cages of plexiglas and organdy cloth, and were provided water and Bio-Serv Adult Apple Maggot Diet #9148 (Bio-Serv, Inc., Frenchtown, NJ; after Boush et al., 1969). We tested flies of both species 15 days after adult emergence. Dissection and behavioral observations confirmed that flies were sexually mature by this time. In one experiment, we also tested 3-day-old R. indifferens flies, which were sexually immature. Test flies had no prior exposure to host fruit; such experience is known to alter male behavior in R. pomonella (Prokopy et al., 1989). Trials were con ducted under ambient laboratory temperatures of 21-24?C. The first experiment compared the residence time of flies released singly onto sour cherries (cv. Montmorency). Unsprayed, fresh-picked fruits were washed in distilled water and dried. A single fruit was suspended with wire from the top of an empty cage that was similar to the one used for emerging adults. A fly was randomly chosen from a colony cage and transferred to the test cage in a small vial. Each fly was allowed to walk or hop onto the test fruit from the mouth of the vial. We recorded the elapsed time before a fly left the fruit, up to a maximum residence time of 120 sec. This trial duration was chosen because preliminary observations suggested that flies stayed on the fruits for either very short periods (<30 sec) or for well over 120 sec. No fruit was used for more than one fly. A second experiment was used to measure the tendency to oviposit on sour cherry. Females of R. indifferens and R. pomonella were alternately released onto fruits, and we recorded whether females attempted to lay an egg within 180 sec. We videotaped interactions between pairs of males on fruit. Individual fruits were suspended from the top of a cage as before, and a randomly chosen male was allowed to walk onto the fruit. After a few seconds, a second male was introduced onto the fruit. Interactions between males were recorded with a video camera that was connected to a time-lapse vid?ocassette recorder. Light was provided by a 22-W, circular, fluorescent tube 25 cm above the cage. Videotapes were later analyzed at slow motion, which enabled us to quantify the frequency of behaviors of short duration (e.g., wing-waving). We classified fly activity into six interactive behaviors (i.e., behaviors that appeared to be directed at the other fly) and one non-interactive behavior (Table 1). The behavior labeled as boxing here is equivalent to pawing in Biggs (1972); pouncing is equivalent to charging headlong and head-on collision in Biggs (1972) and AliNiazee (1974), respectively. The outcomes of male-male This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:05:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 208 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Table 1. Behaviors exhibited by pairs of male Rhagoletis flies in laboratory trials." @default.
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• W780931779 title "Conspecific and Heterospecific Interactions of Male Rhagoletis Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on a Shared Host" @default.
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