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• W79204906 abstract "Although per capita cigarette consumption has fallen by ten percent in developed countries since 1970, in developing countries it has risen by sixty-seven percent.(1) Globally, lung cancer is skyrocketing,(2) and ninety percent of this increase is attributable cigarette smoking.(3) In a developing country like India, for example, where deaths would be expected result from infectious diseases, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 800,000 deaths would result in 1990 from tobacco use.(4) In 1990, the WHO gauged that the number of deaths per year in the due smoking had reached three million, the equivalent of eight thousand deaths per day.(5) The WHO expects this figure at least triple by the time today's teenage smokers reach middle age.(6) By the year 2025, ten million people are expected die each year from tobacco use.(7) Seven million of these deaths will occur in developing countries, with two million deaths per year in China alone.(8) The United States has contributed this increase in cancer deaths by changing consumption patterns within developing countries through private industry and official government action.(9) U.S. tobacco manufacturers have contributed by (1) targeting the Asia-Pacific region (particularly China), Eastern Europe, and Russia as growth areas suited for significant investment;(10) (2) using sophisticated marketing and advertising techniques sell their tobacco products;(11) and (3) petitioning the U.S. government open markets on their behalf.(12) Although these private actions are significant, state action is needed conclude that a legal principle has been violated. The U.S. government has contributed the increase in cancer deaths by (1) threatening trade sanctions if markets are not opened U.S. tobacco products and advertising bans are not lifted;(13) (2) attempting increase the sale of U.S. tobacco products abroad through the lobbying efforts of members of Congress(14) and congressional committee staff members,(15) the creation of federally funded foreign market development programs for tobacco,(16) and the former inclusion of tobacco within the list of surplus crops be distributed to less developed or famine stricken regions of the world through the Food For Peace program;(17) and (3) exempting U.S. cigarette exports from major federal controls on the export of potentially harmful products or substances.(18) Through these actions, the U.S. government has contributed the increase in cigarette consumption abroad. As a result, it has contributed the violation of health and human rights(19) in other countries. This Note is organized in the following manner. Part I analyzes smoking's impact on health, highlighting the disproportionate threat the health of populations in developing countries and of particular groups within those countries. Part II examines the international economic landscape for the export of tobacco products. This section also sheds light on the reason for the U.S. cigarette exporters' assertion that the opening of markets closed tobacco imports is a trade issue rather than a health issue.(20) Part III provides an overview of the methods used by U.S. tobacco firms penetrate foreign markets, with particular emphasis on their marketing practices. Part IV describes U.S. government efforts facilitate the export of U.S. tobacco products. Part V highlights the actions of developing countries: first, their involvement in the export of tobacco products and, second, a survey of importing countries' efforts educate their citizens about the health risks associated with smoking and pass legislation curb the promotion of tobacco products. Although countries in the former Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe are passing legislation ban the advertising, and in some instances prohibit the sale, of tobacco,(21) this Note limits its analysis of this issue developments in Southeast Asian countries. …" @default.
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• W79204906 date "1996-09-22" @default.
• W79204906 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W79204906 title "The Export of U.S. Tobacco Products to Developing Countries and Previously Closed Markets" @default.
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