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• W792326030 abstract "In the Ottoman Empire and Mughal India, Persian functioned as a lingua franca in religious, literary, and administrative fields for centuries. By the mid-twentieth century, however, Persian language and literature had left very little imprint in the former domains of these two empires. The state often factors strongly into explanations of why Persian lost its status as a literary language. Muzaffar Alam argues the British imperial state's decision to switch the language of administration in India from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837 signaled the death knell for Persian because it became divorced from power.* 1 After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey's sweeping top-down language, script, and educational reforms made Persian instruction increasingly rare.2 But the state was not the sole agent responsible for the precipitous disappearance of Persian in former Ottoman domains; rather, transnational Ottoman Turkish and Persian press debates forged exclusivist configurations of language, literature, and nation that informed later state policies.In the late nineteenth century, when Iranian and Ottoman nationalist discourses became increasingly popular with individual intellectuals, the Qajar and Ottoman states responded by integrating nationalism into pre-existing imperial and religious forms of legitimization.3 Nationalism did not necessarily preclude transnational forms of identification. The late nineteenth century witnessed the popularity of PanIslamism championed in a more popular form by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and later promoted in a more official state form by Sultan Abdulhamid II. While there were individual Iranians who participated in the shaping of nineteenth-century PanIslamic discourses, the Iranian Qajar state was less keen to do so. The different responses of the Qajar and Ottoman states were partly a function of domestic and foreign politics. The Ottoman Empire had a sizeable Shi'i population in Iraq that it hoped to make more loyal to the Sunni caliph and sultan. In the realm of Ottoman foreign policy, Pan-Islamism was a useful weapon to gamer support among Muslim populations under the rule of European imperial powers, especially the British and the Russians. It could also be a means of bringing about greater solidarity with independent Muslim states, such as Qajar Iran, in light of coimnon European imperial enemies. In contrast, the Qajar state saw less reason to officially sponsor Pan-Islamism because its domestic Muslim population was not as diverse as that of the Ottoman state, and its foreign policy was not quite as ambitious.The advent of the Iranian and Ottoman revolutions of 1906 and 1908 and the subsequent world war provided new opportunities for the popularization and actualization of nationalist and Pan-Islamic discourses. Far from being necessarily contradictory, nationalism and Pan-Islamism became complementary means of promoting national unity within state territorial boundaries while simultaneously seeking like-minded constitutionalist allies in the face of an Anglo-Russian entente. The outbreak of the First World War only further encouraged closer cooperation between the Ottoman and Iranian states, since the Ottomans joined the Central Powers and the Entente Powers quickly occupied Iran despite its declared neutrality. Pan-Islamism took on a new urgency alongside nationalism to counter the British and Russian imperial aggressions against Muslim states like Iran and the Ottoman Empire as the Ottoman Sultan's declaration of a jihad against the Entente Powers clearly illustrates. Over the course of the war and in the iimnediate postwar era, new forms of transnational identification, such as Pan-Turkism, and more exclusionary forms of nationalism in both Iran and the Ottoman Empire, and later the early Turkish Republic, made transnational forms of solidarity rooted in religion more tenuous.Against this political backdrop, Iranian and Ottoman intellectuals debated cultural issues with clear political implications. …" @default.
• W792326030 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W792326030 date "2014-01-01" @default.
• W792326030 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W792326030 title "Contesting Nations and Canons in the Early Twentieth-Century Ottoman and Iranian Press" @default.
• W792326030 hasPublicationYear "2014" @default.
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