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• W807833866 abstract "Despite almost a hundred years of reforestation efforts, the recharge area of the Judea Group aquifer in the hills of the western Galilee still shows the signs of the severe soil erosion that transpired in previous centuries. At present the soil profile is thin and basement rock is often exposed. Historical and Biblical sources suggest that the hills in the past were more forested. Therefore, the δ 15 N values of dissolved nitrate were measured in radiocarbon- dated groundwater to see if evidence for past soil conditions could be deduced. Nitrate mine- ralization processes in soils lead to enrichment in 15 N of the residual nitrate, which being dissolved by rain enters into the groundwater without further isotopic fractionation. Previo- us studies have shown that there is a trend of increasing δ 15 N in a soil profile from plant, to litter, to the organic material in the soil. In addition, there is a tendency for higher δ 15 N values to be observed in those samples that have been taken at greater depth in a soil profile due to progressive mineralization and subsequent nitrification of soil organic material. As long as the dissolved oxygen is not depleted, denitrification will not occur to alter the isotopic com- position of the dissolved nitrate. The nitrate concentrations and δ 15 N values, water chemistry, tritium and radiocarbon activities were measured from the phreatic outcrop recharge region, and onwards into the confined portions of the Judea Group aquifer and its continuation into the juxtaposed Kurdani and Pleistocene aquifers. The radiocarbon activity decreases with flow. Tritium values of above 2 TU are restricted to the recharge region. Using an initial 14 C activity of 64 pMC the radiocarbon ages of the water are found to range from recent to 7800 BP. The δ 15 N values of the dissolved nitrate within the young water recharge area fall in the range of +3.1 to +4.8â (Air), having a mean of +3.9â (n=5). In older water the nitrate concentration increases slightly, while the δ 15 N ranges from +4.7 to +7.2â (Air), having a mean of +6.4â (n=17). The increase in the δ 15 N values in the older water down-dip is not due to denitrification processes; for, the waters are well oxygenated. These older waters infil- trated at the same point of origin in the phreatic portions of the aquifer (non-contaminated) as the recent water. As the earlier infiltrating water flowed down dip they retained the δ 15 N values of the environment at that time. The δ 15 N values present evidence that, compared to the present, the soil and plant cover was better developed in earlier times, including Biblical times." @default.
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• W807833866 date "2002-01-01" @default.
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• W807833866 title "A BETTER-DEVELOPED SOIL PROFILE DURING BIBLICAL TIMES IN THE WESTERN GALILEE. 15 N EVIDENCE IN 14 C - DATED GROUNDWATER" @default.
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