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• W80900068 abstract "Rethinking the Role of Skills in Welfare Reform In recent years, states and localities have shifted from welfare-to-work strategies that encourage people to build their skills toward strategies that require people to find jobs quickly. While policymakers had already begun to make this shift before passage of the 1996 federal welfare reform law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act accelerated the trend by requiring states to move increasing percentages of adults on welfare into work. At the same time, the advent of lifetime limits on welfare raised the stakes for welfare-to-work programs to help recipients work more and earn more over the long term. In practice, these two different welfare-to-work strategies--quick employment versus building skills--have emphasized different program services: * In quick-employment programs, the most common activity for people has been individual or group job search. * In skill-building programs, the most common activity has been basic education, reflecting the generally low education levels of welfare recipients. Few skill-building programs have made substantial use of job training or postsecondary education because many recipients have not met entry requirements for those activities. Quick-employment and skill-building strategies can be seen as opposite ends of a continuum, with the narrowest programs at either end offering job search or basic education almost exclusively and mixed-strategy programs in the middle offering a wider range of employment and training services. Even among this middle group of mixed-strategy programs, however, important differences exist in their relative emphasis on quick employment versus building skills, with corresponding differences in whether job search or basic education is the most common activity. Evaluation of Strategies The most recent research on the effectiveness of welfare-to-work programs is from the national evaluation of the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) training program, now called the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies. This study includes programs in five cities: Atlanta, Georgia; Columbus, Ohio; Grand Rapids, Michigan; Riverside, California; and Portland, Oregon. In examining the research, there are two challenges the current generation of welfare-to-work programs must meet to be more effective than their predecessors: * helping the most disadvantaged recipients for whom job search may not be successful * helping recipients find better jobs. A third challenge, helping recipients sustain employment, is also critical to long-term success but is not discussed in depth here. The research clearly shows that the most successful programs are in the middle of the job search to basic education continuum, with mixed strategies of employment and skill-building services. Although states and localities are just beginning to implement the new welfare law, some may have lost sight of this important evidence in favor of a balanced approach to welfare reform. Early indications are that welfare policymakers may be in danger of abandoning one extreme (basic education programs with few links to employment) for another extreme: quick-employment programs that are, in practice, not just work first but, because they provide such limited access to anything but job search, they are essentially work only programs. Rather than seeing employment and building skills as competing goals, the research suggests that policymakers should make a wide variety of employment, training, and other services available in support of a clear employment goal, and allow local flexibility in deciding which services are most appropriate for which people. The new welfare law makes this ideal much more difficult to attain, however, by placing time limits on aid and barring most activities other than work from counting toward meeting participation rates. …" @default.
• W80900068 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W80900068 date "1998-08-01" @default.
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• W80900068 title "BEYOND JOB SEARCH or BASIC EDUCATION" @default.
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