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• W811132581 startingPage "280" @default.
• W811132581 abstract "Bacteriophages have long been recognized to harbor genes that encode various classes of virulence factors, including protein toxins. Some classic examples of phage conversion of grampositive hosts to toxinogenesis are the production of diphtheria toxin (DT) in Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the production of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) in types C and D of Clostridium botulinum. DT has generally been considered mainly responsible for the gross symptoms of diphtheria, and the lack of genetic systems for C. diphtheriae has prevented the identification of other virulence factors associated with its pathogenicity. The association of DT with phages provides a classic example of lysogenic conversion, whereby the bacterial cell acquires traits as a consequence of phage infection. C. botulinum has attracted much interest in recent years, largely due to advances in the study of the structure, function, and genetics of the neurotoxins it encodes and in the therapeutic applications of these toxins for the treatment of several neurologic disorders. BoNTs and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) act by selectively blocking the neurotransmission of presynaptic nerve terminals in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The characterization of genes for BoNT and associated proteins of the toxin complexes indicated that these genes are located on the chromosome, on pseudolysogenic bacteriophages, or on plasmids, depending on the serotype. Converting and nonconverting phages from C. botulinum types C and D have been isolated and partially characterized." @default.
• W811132581 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W811132581 creator A5071953944 @default.
• W811132581 date "2014-04-30" @default.
• W811132581 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W811132581 title "Bacteriophages Encoding Botulinum and Diphtheria Toxins" @default.
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