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• W81664678 abstract "Obesity reflects the energy imbalance between calorie consumption and expenditure leading to abnormal body weight with direct negative consequences on human health. Obesity is considered today a pandemic since its prevalence has more than doubled since 1980 worldwide [1]. It increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and some cancers, and it is the fifth most important risk factor of death globally. The underlying causes contributing to the rising prevalence of obesity are complex and involve societal and environmental risk factors such as urbanisation and changing modes of work and transport as well as various individual risk factors. An early life component is increasingly being recognised in the aetiology of obesity [2, 3] being of major potential importance for public health strategies’ guidance. Patterns of growth associated with low birth weight and increased weight gain in childhood, as well as low birth weight per se, have shown inverse associations with obesity and related disorders such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood [4–7]. In addition to birth weight and childhood growth trajectories, immediate postnatal growth has received considerable attention in the medical literature. This is the period of the fastest growth in the entire life span and is a critical window of tissue and organ development wherein several regulatory mechanisms continue to develop after birth [8]. Thus, variations in this process may have long-lasting effects on health. Several studies have examined weight changes between birth and the first years of life; results have suggested that weight gain is associated with childhood, adolescent, and adult obesity and with higher levels of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors [9, 10]. There is also evidence that increased growth velocity in first years of life is associated with obesity and metabolic outcomes in adulthood [3, 11]. However, the majority of those studies use different definitions of postnatal growth and obesity, as well as of surrogate metabolic outcomes, which poses challenges in synthesising the available evidence in order to draw firm conclusions. Here we attempt to summarise the biological basis, which may explain the association between postnatal growth with later onset of obesity. We also aim to present the main evidence from observational studies, which examine associations between postnatal growth and obesity and focus on the main methodological limitations associated with this research area. We will focus our description on human studies; however, there is a large body of literature examining early life programming in animal models." @default.
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• W81664678 date "2012-11-06" @default.
• W81664678 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W81664678 title "Infant Growth and Adult Obesity: Relationship and Factors Affecting Them" @default.
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• W81664678 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-254-4_28" @default.
• W81664678 hasPublicationYear "2012" @default.
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