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• W818735207 abstract "You have accessThe ASHA LeaderFeature1 May 2007Supervision of Speech-Language Pathology Assistants: A Reciprocal Relationship Vicki McCready Vicki McCready Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR2.12062007.10 SectionsAbout ToolsAdd to favorites ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Supervision in speech-language pathology has added a different dimension in recent years, as speech-language pathology assistants (SLPAs) have emerged as support personnel in educational and health care settings as well as in private practices. Is this supervision experience different from supervising graduate students or clinical fellows? And how can a speech-language pathologist prepare to be an effective supervisor of an SLPA? One of the most fulfilling aspects of any satisfying relationship is reciprocity. To reciprocate is to give or take mutually, to be complementary, and derives from the Latin reciprocâre, “to move back and forth” (The American Heritage Dictionary, 1969). In the supervisory relationship between an SLP and SLPA, each person has much to give and much to receive. In order to achieve mutual respect, it is important to differentiate the roles of clinician and assistant and to be aware of what each offers to the professional relationship. The SLPA’s role is just what the job title implies—to assist, not replace, the SLP. ASHA’s 2004 guidelines specify that an SLPA’s tasks may be delegated only when the training, supervision, and planning are appropriate. ASHA recommends 20–40 semester credit hours in general education and 20–40 hours in technical knowledge and skills for SLPAs, a minimum of 100 hours of supervised fieldwork, and demonstration of technical proficiency and workplace behaviors; this type of training is typically available at a community college that awards an associate’s degree. The SLP’s role is to supervise the SLPA appropriately using skills and knowledge that extend beyond a clinician’s subject knowledge of the field and clinical expertise. A new supervisor needs knowledge about the stages and styles of supervision, the components of the supervisory process, and two essential skills of interpersonal communication—active listening and conflict management. Stages of Supervision Supervision in speech-language pathology progresses along a continuum of stages with appropriate styles for each stage (Anderson, 1988). When the beginning supervisee is in the Evaluation- Feedback Stage, the supervisor uses a direct and active supervisory style and gives the supervisee evaluative feedback. In the Transitional Stage, the supervisee begins to take a more active role in problem-solving, decision-making, and evaluating. Supervisor and supervisee collaborate and, over time, interact more like colleagues. Most graduate students in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) are in the Transitional Stage. The final stage is Self-Supervision, when the supervisee has achieved enough competency and confidence to evaluate his or her clinical behaviors accurately. Although more independent, the person at this stage still benefits from a consultative-type interaction with the supervisor and will initiate the interaction when needed. Supervisor and supervisee relate as professional peers with the supervisor engaging in joint problem-solving and making direct suggestions when appropriate. Self-supervision, as with the two other stages, may be achieved by a graduate student, a clinical fellow, or an SLP. As Paul-Brown and Goldberg (2001) note, “The goal for supervising students and clinical fellows, in contrast to that for assistants, is clinical independence. The goal for supervising assistants is to ensure adherence to prescribed tasks.” The supervising SLP and the SLPA will probably be working primarily within the Evaluation- Feedback Stage on the continuum, according to Anderson (1988) and Dowling (2001). The SLP, being responsible for the training and monitoring of all work performed by an SLPA, will naturally use a direct and active style of supervision. Depending on the task, skill level, and experience of the SLPA, the relationship may progress to the Transitional Stage. Because SLPAs do not make independent clinical decisions, the Self-Supervision Stage is not appropriate. It might be appropriate, however, for the SLPA to perform clerical tasks independently, create treatment materials, organize office space, and maintain files. Regardless of the task, understanding the continuum can be useful to the SLP and the SLPA when discussing the supervisory process. Components of the Supervisory Process The supervisory process involves more than establishing a working relationship with an SLPA and stating what is wanted. As described by Anderson (1988) and McCrea and Brasseur (2003), the components of the supervisory process are understanding the supervisory process and planning, observing/monitoring, reviewing/analyzing, and learning/integrating. Both the SLP and the SLPA are responsible for the supervisory process. 1. Understanding the Supervisory Process and Planning Before planning the responsibilities and tasks of the SLPA, the SLP and SLPA need to understand what the supervisory process will entail for both of them. Discussing expectations can be a helpful first step, with questions such as the following: What do the SLPA and SLP expect of each other? Do both have a clear understanding of the scope of responsibilities for an SLPA and the knowledge and skills of the supervisor? How will the SLP prepare the SLPA for the particular work setting? What does the SLP want the SLPA to learn from observing the supervising SLP’s treatment or the treatment by other SLPs? What background and training does each person bring to the setting? What goals do the SLPA and the SLP have for themselves? What is the SLPA’s preferred learning style? What is the SLP’s preferred teaching style? How will the two communicate with each other orally and/or in writing? What tools will be used to evaluate the SLPA’s work and the SLP’s supervision? The SLP then needs to plan the specific tasks of a particular unit of time (e.g., the coming week). After developing a plan sheet, the clinician determines which tasks will require direct supervision (i.e., in view) and which will require indirect supervision (e.g., review of records). Time is set aside at the end of the week for a supervisory conference so the SLP and the SLPA can review and analyze the week’s events and plan for the next week. The SLPA’s notes for each day are included on the plan sheet as a reminder of agenda items for the conference. 2. Observing/Monitoring If the SLPA will work directly with clients, both the SLP and SLPA may decide that planned observations of one another may be helpful. Regarding assistants’ observations of SLPs, Dowling (2001) noted: “The observation of another person allows supervisees to watch a successful interaction and to think about ways to incorporate these behaviors into their own work…While watching, supervisees will benefit from recording or charting the behaviors they are being guided to observe.” The SLPA might record and then observe and evaluate his or her own work according to specific observation guides. A guided observation sheet with specific questions (e.g., what did the clinician or assistant do when the client gave an incorrect response?) can help the observer describe specific aspects of the session without leaping to evaluative or judgmental conclusions. A second type of worksheet allows for a more general observation and can list activities that went well and those that didn’t. The SLP needs to know that the type of feedback given to an assistant affects the way in which it is received. For example, if the SLP uses the first worksheet, he or she will be offering descriptive feedback that the SLPA may receive in an objective manner. If the clinician chooses to give evaluative feedback—as on the second worksheet—the SLPA may react positively, defensively, or negatively. She or he may also feel relieved to receive immediate evaluation and direct guidance. If the assistant is the observer, the SLP can discover what the SLPA is learning from supervision and also receive suggestions for improvement. ASHA’s 2004 guidelines recommend a minimum total of 30% direct and indirect supervision for the first 90 days. This recommendation would mean that in a 40-hour work week, 12 hours of supervision would be necessary. The guidelines also specify that direct and documented supervision of patient or client contact time is required for at least 20% of the actual weekly contact time for the SLPA and indirect supervision for at least 10% of the actual contact time. Depending on the skill level of the SLPA as well as specific client needs, the SLP may decide that additional observation, guidance, and monitoring are needed. After the initial 90-day period, the minimum recommended requirement is 20% supervision, at least 10% of which is direct. In terms of a 40-hour week, eight hours of supervision would be required, including at least four hours of direct supervision. The SLP may adjust the amount of supervisory time based on assigned tasks, the assistant’s skills, and caseload demands. Because state requirements may differ from ASHA guidelines, SLPs need to check their state’s laws and regulations and adhere to state regulations where differences exist. 3. Reviewing/Analyzing A regularly scheduled conference at the end of the week gives both parties a chance to digest and review the past week and then decide what—if anything—to change for the following week. Setting an agenda for this conference can be helpful so that both will know what to expect. It is helpful to have notes from the past week to guide the discussion during the conference. The SLPA should be prepared to review sessions and/or tasks that were successful as well as those areas in which more input from the SLP is needed. Discussing the supervisory process also is important. Possible questions include: What did the SLPA find helpful and not helpful in terms of supervisory feedback? What strengths and/or areas for improvement did the clinician or the assistant identify? What treatment techniques, clients, or non-clinical tasks do the SLPA or SLP need to discuss further? 4. Learning/Integrating The last component in the supervisory process involves integrating past learning to future planning. Tasks, assignments, and timelines can then be listed for the following week. This aspect of the process then returns to the first component—planning. Active Listening and Conflict Management Active listening and conflict management are two skills that help an SLP achieve reciprocal communication and responsible supervision. Although active listening, perhaps more than any other skill, affects interpersonal communication, it might be the skill used least when most needed. The manner in which an SLP listens to an SLPA can affect the outcome of any conflict. Pickering (1987) offers two lists of behavioral skills that can help SLPs examine their responses in an interaction and decide whether they were listening with empathy or with criticism. “Empathy…means listening as a receiver rather than as a critic and responding in accepting rather than in evaluative ways” (Pickering 1987, p. 217). Professional conflicts can occur between the SLP and a variety of people—the client, the client’s family, other members of the client’s team, a graduate student extern, or an SLPA. To determine one’s conflict style, the SLP can take one of several questionnaires available online. According to Hocker and Wilmot (1991), typical responses to conflict are: avoiding a conflict or confrontation altogether, competing with the other person for control of the conflict, or collaborating with the other person for mutual problem-solving. If the SLP uses a collaborative approach and does not blame the SLPA, the assistant is less likely to become defensive and use competitive tactics. SLPAs have much to offer SLPs. In addition to increasing the efficiency of the SLP’s clinical services and relieving the clinician of some time-consuming non-clinical responsibilities, they can offer SLPs the opportunity to expand their professional responsibilities. After acquiring the needed knowledge and skills and beginning the supervisory process, SLPs can come to realize that much is to be gained from a successful, reciprocal relationship with an SLPA. This article is a revised version of a book chapter listed in the references on line. Appropriate Use of SLPAs Below are recommendations for certified SLPs from the 2006–07 Ad Hoc Committee on the Appropriate Use of SLPAs of the SLP/SLS Assembly of ASHA’s Legislative Council: Inform yourself regarding ASHA policy documents and licensure regulations in your state pertaining to the use of support personnel. Advocate for the appropriate use of assistants in your workplace, e.g., to administrators and others in leadership roles in your organization. Join ASHA’s Special Interest Division 11, Administration and Supervision and/or a regional group of clinical educators. Enroll in workshops on supervision at the state, regional, and national levels. Role of the SLPA According to the ASHA Guidelines for the Training, Use, and Supervision of SLPAs (2004), an SLPA can be used to increase the availability, frequency, and efficiency of services and may: Assist with screenings without clinical interpretation Assist with informal documentation as directed by the SLP Follow treatment plans or protocols developed by the SLP Document client performance, e.g., tallying data, preparing charts or records Assist the SLP during assessment of clients Assist with clerical duties such as preparing materials and scheduling activities Perform checks and maintenance of equipment Support the SLP in research projects, in-service training, and public relations programs Assist with departmental operations Collect data for monitoring quality improvement Exhibit compliance with regulations, reimbursement requirements, and SLPA’s job responsibilities Role of the SLP According to ASHA’s Knowledge and Skills for Supervisors of SLPAs (2002), the SLP needs to: Select and assign appropriate clients to the SLPA Determine the nature of supervision that is appropriate for the SLPA Establish and maintain an effective relationship with the SLPA Establish a system of accountability for document use and supervision of the SLPA Direct the SLPA in: following screening protocols following individualized treatment plans maintaining clinical records implementing research procedures, in-service training, and public relations programs Demonstrate for and participate with the SLPA in the clinical process Interact with the SLPA in planning and executing supervisory conferences Provide feedback to the SLPA regarding skills Assist the SLPA in: developing skills of verbal reporting and assigned informal written reporting effectively selecting, preparing, and presenting treatment materials and organizing treatment environments using appropriate language (oral and written) when interacting with clients and others Share information regarding ethical, legal, regulatory, and reimbursement aspects of professional practice Model and facilitate professional conduct Train the SLPA to check and maintain equipment and to observe universal precautions Recommendations for ASHA Members on the Appropriate Use of SLPAs These recommendations were developed by the 2006–2007 Ad Hoc Committee of the SLP/SLS Assembly of ASHA’s Legislative Council. Take responsibility to inform yourself regarding ASHA policy documents and licensure regulations in your state pertaining to the use of support personnel. Take responsibility to advocate for the appropriate use of assistants in your workplace, e.g., administrators and others in leadership roles in your organization. Join ASHA’s Special Interest Division 11-Administration and Supervision and/or a regional group of clinical educators. Enroll in workshops on supervision at the state, regional, and national levels. Tips on Managing Conflict The following tips may help the SLP manage conflict. They are adapted in part from Edelman’s and Crain’s wonderful book, The Tao of Negotiation (1993). Listen without interrupting the other person. Ask that person to try the same with you. Instead of responding immediately, count to five silently, grow calm, listen to you inner self, and feel whatever you are feeling. Beware of slipping into avoiding, attacking, or defending. View conflict as a research project rather than a war. Research all aspects of the problem you’d like to resolve. Let go of the need to be right and be willing to admit your mistakes. Let go of any attachment to the outcome. Separate facts from feelings and opinions. Remember that you do not know what another person is feeling or thinking. Remember that you have no control over the other person’s response. Use “I” statement versus questions or statements that blame. Listen and let silence become your teacher. Work with the other person to find a solution. Author Notes Vicki McCready, is a professor in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) and director of the UNCG Speech and Hearing Center. She served on the Ad Hoc Committee of ASHA’s SLP/SLS Assembly on the Appropriate Use of SLPAs. Contact her at [email protected]. Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Additional Resources FiguresSourcesRelatedDetails Volume 12Issue 6May 2007 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in print: May 1, 2007 Metrics Current downloads: 7,558 Topicsasha-topicsleader_do_tagasha-article-typesleader-topicsCopyright & Permissions© 2007 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationLoading ..." @default.
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