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• W825573014 abstract "Few studies investigate gender differences concerning Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Hinshaw, 2002). Further, studies that examine self-report ratings of ADHD in females are lacking. Self-reports are crucial to identifying ADHD in females who have been found to have more internalizing symptoms of ADHD (Quinn, 2005). Current models suggest that executive function, rather than attention, is the core deficit of ADHD and that it may serve as a neurobehavioral domain that differentiates individuals with ADHD based on subtype and gender (Wodka et al., 2008). This study examined gender differences on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive FunctioningAdult Version (BRIEF-A) between fifty two undergraduate college students who self-reported to have ADHD. Analysis of variance (One way ANOVA) were conducted to determine significant differences between male and female self report ratings on the BRIEF-A. Results indicated that there were no significant differences between males and females on the BRIEF-A. These results were similar to previous literature which indicates that the presentation of ADHD in females is more similar than different from the presentation of ADHD in males (Rucklidge, 2008). ADHD and Gender Differences 4 CHAPTER ONE Introduction Gender differences in psychopathology has been an area that has been neglected by researchers. Many studies have excluded females from their samples or have not examined gender differences within the samples (Mash & Dozois, 2003). For example, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder that has been thought to effect far more males than females, however most studies that have studied ADHD have not included females in their samples (Hinshaw, 2002). Nonetheless, experts argue that ADHD is underdiagnosed in females (National Institute of Mental Health, 2006). It has been generally found that ADHD manifests itself similar in both males and females. The research has convincingly shown that males and females with ADHD are more similar than different and struggle with similar rates of academic, cognitive, psychosocial, and psychiatric impairment (Rucklidge, 2008). In addition, research has found that females with ADHD are less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD and more likely than males to have the Inattentive Type of ADHD (Biederman, 2002; Rucklidge, 2008). The inattentive type of ADHD is difficult to observe and identify in that the symptoms are less overt than the disruptive behaviors typically seen among males (Quinn, 2005). Further, the limited research available consistently shows that when females are identified as having ADHD they are as impaired as or more impaired than their male counterparts (Biederman et al. 2005, Carlson, Tamm, & Gaub, 1999, Dalsgaard et al., 2005; Dupaul et al. 2006; Reimherr et al., 2008, Rucklidge & Tannock, 2001). Current models of executive function suggest that executive dysfunction is the core deficit of ADHD and that it may serve as a neurobehavioral domain that differentiates between different groups of individuals with ADHD based on subtype and gender (Wodka et al. 2008). ADHD and Gender Differences 5 There is a lack of studies that examine gender differences in executive functioning (Seidman, 2006). Moreover, most of the studies have focused on executive functioning utilizing neuropsychological tests rather than self-reports which may be limited in their utility (Gioia et al., 2002). Given that females have more internalizing symptoms of ADHD their self reports and perceptions are critical to successful diagnosis (Quinn, 2005). The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) is a self-report rating scale designed to measure the neuropsychological construct of executive functioning and its various components (Gioia, Isquith, Retzlaff, & Espy, 2002). The BRIEF scales have been successful in identifying individuals with ADHD and differentiating between subtypes. (Mahone et al., 2000; McCandless & O’Laughlin, 2007; Pratt, 2000). One way to examine gender differences in executive functioning is to examine gender differences of self reports on the BRIEF-A. These findings may be helpful in detecting differences that are unlikely to be seen on neuropsychological tests, clinical interviews, or observations. They may also help the field better understand the nature and extent of ADHD and be more successful in detecting ADHD in female samples. The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences between males and females who have ADHD on self-reports of the BRIEF-A. The sample included fifty two hearing participants who self-reported to have ADHD. Thirty nine (75%) of these participants were male and twelve (23%) were female. All of these participants completed the Brief Rating Inventory of Executive FunctionAdult Version (BRIEF-A)." @default.
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• W825573014 title "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and gender differences" @default.
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