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• W8278505 abstract "What has happened to the nuclear family, which was once the backbone of American life? asked the letter-writer in late 1985. taught love, generosity, caring and giving. It built character. Please answer, Ann. I am--Suffering from Culture Shock in Colorado.Dear Suffering, Ann Landers replied, assuming the mantle of the social historian: nuclear family began to fall apart when Rosie the Riveter went to work in the defense plant to replace the men who had gone to war. She liked the money and the independence [Landers 1985].Sadly, even today, many Americans agree with Ann's interpretation of recent American family history. It is time to revise this interpretation. America's working mothers had to confront many obstacles during the Second World War, not the least of which was people's hostility to the idea of mothers working outside of the home, even in defense plants. Feeding this sentiment were not only longstanding gender-role stereotypes, but also a slew of wartime magazine articles and speeches by Father Edward J. Flanagan of Boys Town, J. Edgar Hoover of the FBI, and other defenders of the father-led family in which the mother dutifully stayed at home. The hostility to working mothers was both intense and widespread [Schuyler 1943; Hoover 1943, 1945; Gilbert 1986; U.S. Senate 1943-1944; The New York Times 1942, 1943]. Indeed it is apparent that many of the wartime stories published about America's latchkey were overwrought in their lamentations for the suffering boys and girls locked in cars, scared and lonely, or wandering the streets looking for trouble [Meyer 1944; Meyer 1943; U.S. Senate 1943]. Some children were neglected, but very few. It is past time to do full justice to America's mothers who worked in the nation's shipyards, aircraft factories, and other industries, and who did not neglect their children in the process.Most of all, however, it is time to see what lessons can be learned from the experience of the Second World War, which was a time of notable successes in child day care, especially programs in industry and before-and-after school programs, which provided care for several hundred thousand children of working mothers. Perhaps in these successes from 50 years ago there are lessons for today.Despite the many criticisms of mothers entering the labor force, Rosie the Riveter was clearly a reality--her muscles bulging, her hair tied in a kerchief, her hands holding a large pneumatic gun. Clearly, too, as one writer observed: hand that holds the pneumatic riveter cannot rock the cradle--at the same time. But many of the forlorn stories about neglected infants and toddlers were exaggerations, the ulterior purpose of which was to discredit the practice of mothers working. To be sure, not everyone accepted this viewpoint. Indeed, explained Anne L. Gould of the War Production Board, charge that because a mother goes to work she loses interest in her children is too absurd to comment [Wetherill 1942; Gould 1943].Many of the critics of working mothers failed to comprehend that millions of American women were their families' main breadwinners and had to work. Women headed between 17% and 18% of all families in the United States--almost one in five--during the war. Some mothers worked to supplement low family incomes, still others to boost the family's standard of living. Patriotism motivated many American women, just as it did many American men. motives for a mother's working are usually complex, wrote Hazel A. Fredericksen of the Children's Bureau. But then she asked a pertinent question, one that was not often heard during the war: Who shall say at a time when labor is so necessary to a nation's winning the war that a mother's right to work should be questioned? [U.S. Women's Bureau 1948; Chafe 1991; Milkman 1987; Frederickson 1943: 162].The indictment of working mothers was especially cruel in the case of servicemen's wives, many of whom were the impoverished mothers of young children. …" @default.
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• W8278505 date "2017-11-30" @default.
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• W8278505 title "Rosie the Riveter and Her Latchkey Children: What Americans Can Learn About Child Day Care from the Second World War" @default.
• W8278505 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351315920-6" @default.
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