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• W830269369 abstract "This symposium offers a wide-ranging critique of the often unspoken assumptions underlying mixing policies. The rubric is very broad and consequently, mixes mixing policies, so to speak. The articles address racial and ethnic diversity, income mixing, and mixing at different scales- buildings, housing developments, and neighborhoods-in two different liberal welfare states, the United States and United Kingdom.This breadth poses the danger of conflating some different subjects, so I will begin by making some distinctions. Then I revisit a key assumption underlying all these mixing policies, namely, that spatial proximity breaks down distance. The evidence masterfully reviewed in this symposium by Diane K. Levy, Zach McDade, and Kassie Bertumen shows that it does not, challenging what Ade Kearns, Martin McKee, Elena Sautkina, George Weeks, and Lyndal Bond refer to in their article as the mixed-tenure policy orthodoxy. Everyone seems to agree that the built environment of mixed-income developments is an improvement from public housing, but that poverty and relations have not improved. Attractive, accessible, and safe public spaces are facilitating, if insufficient, conditions for interaction across class and racial boundaries.The mixing policy persists despite the evidence. Fortunately, in the process of evaluating mixed-income housing programs, we have learned that community building should be part of housing policy. This lesson has implications for the President Barack Obama Administration's comprehensive neighborhood initiatives, as we begin the next generation of government attempts to disperse, mix, and improve the lives of poor people.Some DistinctionsThe term social is ambiguous and can refer to diversity of many different kinds, in different proportions, at different geographical scales. Mixing, as Kearns et al. note, may signify physical proximity or interaction. If the latter, it varies by context and distance. Mixing at one point in time may not be sustained. The motives for mixing range from crime reduction to poverty alleviation to property value appreciation. Mixing can be achieved through a number of mechanisms. The two empirical articles under discussion here refer to different kinds of The Scottish estates mix tenure. Kearns et al. acknowledge that, tenure mixing is not guaranteed to deliver substantial income mix. In the United Kingdom, people with the same income may own their homes or rent council housing. Diversity also becomes visible on different scales. The newly constructed houses are physically distinct in two of the Glasgow, Scotland estates as well, visibly marked off on the periphery from the rentals. By contrast, the original Tacoma, Washington development was ethnically mixed, with immigrants and refugees living alongside African Americans and Whites. The income mixing in the new Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere (HOPE VI) project could not restore the previous mixing across lines.These differences in emphasis reflect broader national differences in housing policies.1 In spite of the centrality of the so-called American Dream, distinctions play a much greater role in British housing policy and scholarship. Council housing long preceded American public housing historically, became a much larger share of the total stock, and is more salient in national politics and class relations. Indeed, renting as opposed to owning even predicts how one votes far more in the United Kingdom than the United States. The UK mix changed partly through the Right to Buy program, turning council tenants and housing associations into owners but without moving residents or disrupting the community. Kearns et al. report very little turnover in the Glasgow estates. Unlike in the United States, however, racial or ethnic concentrations do not raise much concern in multicultural Britain. In the Netherlands, by contrast, the fear of creating ethnic ghettos led to a prohibition on concentrating the unemployed or low-income households in rental housing of certain neighborhoods (van Eijk, 2010). …" @default.
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• W830269369 date "2013-05-01" @default.
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• W830269369 title "Mixing Policies: Expectations and Achievements" @default.
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