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• W831933373 abstract "A recent eye-tracking reading study showed that reading times for sentences expressing similarity between two ‘and’-coordinated abstract nouns (e.g., ‘Talent and wisdom are certainly similar...’) can be modulated by non-referential spatial information (the distance between two playing cards) preceding the sentence (Guerra & Knoeferle, 2012). These findings suggest that, just as for concrete nouns and verbs, non-linguistic visual information can influence interpretation of abstract adjectives. Furthermore, they imply that non-linguistic information can affect sentence processing in the absence of an overt referential or lexicalsemantic links. Yet, a number of issues remain open regarding the mechanisms driving the interaction between non-referential spatial information and abstract language processing. Guerra and Knoeferle relied on a co-indexing mechanism, which relates corresponding elements in the sentence and in the visual context. Previous research (Knoeferle & Crocker, 2007) showed that, in referential visual context, concrete nouns and verbs co-index with visually depicted objects and events, respectively. However, in non-referential visual contexts it is less clear how abstract linguistic representations co-index with visually depicted spatial distance. In two eye-tracking reading studies, we assessed the linking hypothesis between non-referential visual information and abstract language. The goal of these studies was to clarify whether co-indexing occurs beyond a one-to-one mapping of nouns to objects. A 2x2 Latin square design combined spatial distance (playing cards close vs. far apart) with the notion of social relations (friendly vs. unfriendly) expressed by abstract adverbs of manner. In both experiments, participants examined a visual context showing two playing cards (that moved either far apart or close together), followed by a German sentence describing a friendly (vs. unfriendly) encounter. Using different syntactic structures, we examined how and when abstract language co-indexes with spatial distance. In Experiment 1 (see 1., literal translation of the German original), we asked if spatial distance could modulate abstract interpretation even when there is no one-to-one mapping between coordinated objects and coordinated nouns. If so, then effects of distance should be timelocked to the sentence region expressing the manner of the social relation, or the immediately ensuing region (cf. Guerra & Knoeferle, 2012). In Experiment 2 (see 2.), we examined whether spatial distance could modulate sentence interpretation even before both sentential nouns can be co-indexed with the objects in the visual context. If so, spatial distance effects should appear as soon the critical adverb expresses the manner of the social relation. 1. ‘SandraNP1 metVP her auntNP2 cheerfully/grumpilyADV inPP the elevatorNP3’. 2. ‘SandraNP1 metVP cheerfully/grumpilyADV her auntNP2 inPP the elevatorNP3’. In Experiment 1 we found faster reading times when sentences expressing friendly relations were preceded by cards close together (vs. far apart), and the opposite pattern for sentences that expressed unfriendly relations. This interaction was reliable in first-pass and regression path duration at the region immediately after the critical adverb (PP). In Experiment 2, a reliable interaction effect was found in first-pass at the critical adverb, where longer reading times emerged for sentences expressing friendly relations when they were preceded by cards close together (vs. far apart), and vice versa for sentences expressing unfriendly social relations. Our findings show that abstract language can be co-indexed with spatial distance as soon as critical information is available for the reader, and beyond concrete nouns and verbs. Additionally, they suggest that spatial information-abstract language mapping can speed-up (Experiment 1) or slow-down (Experiment 2) incremental semantic interpretation. We discuss the implications of these results for current account of situated language processing. THURSDAY POSTER 61" @default.
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• W831933373 date "2014-01-01" @default.
• W831933373 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W831933373 title "Co-indexing beyond nouns and verbs: The link between visuo-spatial informatoin and abstract adverbs of manner" @default.
• W831933373 hasPublicationYear "2014" @default.
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