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• W832175583 abstract "The Town of Edisto Beach is a small island community located south of Charleston, SC. The Town’s water system serves approximately 2,300 customers. As with many resort communities, the summer population and water consumption is approximately three times that of the winter months. The water system needs to meet the peak summer demand while maintaining service at a reasonable cost for year round residences. Edisto Beach’s water system consists of six wells, a 100,000 gallon elevated storage tank, a 200,000 gallon ground storage tank and two booster pumps. These resources are located throughout the service area, which contributes to some of the issues encountered with the water system. The three major challenges for the town are adequate hydrant flows to all sectors of the service area, increasing pumping capacity, and better control and monitoring of the water system. All well and booster pump operations are controlled by the water levels in the elevated storage tower. Modeling indicated that two booster pumps, located about 4.5 miles from the elevated storage tank, are not activated quickly in response to a fire flow demand. Consequently, the water pressure and particularly the fire flows available to the off island service area served primarily by booster pumps might be less than desirable until the water level in the tower dropped low enough to activate these pumps. The town is concerned that this critical time might be lost during a fire. In order to increase pumping capacity, the existing 6 wells were evaluated based on current pumping rates and specific capacities to determine candidates worthy of well pump replacement. Well# 1 was increased from 125 GPM up to 250 GPM in pumping capacity. In order to better monitor the water system, the town is currently evaluating the addition of a SCADA system that can monitor and control resources, record water use trends, and generate reports and maintenance schedules. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to discuss common challenges and solutions that island communities encounter providing safe and reliable drinking water. Safe, reliable drinking water as well as fire protection is a critical component of a productive and thriving community. The challenges and solutions presented here are typical of smaller water systems and tailored for water systems isolated from large metropolitan areas including island communities. This paper addresses the areas of water distribution, supply, and operation. BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK Edisto Beach is located in Colleton County South Carolina, approximately a one hour drive south of Charleston. The town is approximately 7 square miles in size. Most of the parcels on the island are developed with single family homes. The island also contains condominiums and commercial establishments that are present in an amount that is typical for an island community. The water service area is confined to the island itself except for a small portion located just off the island near the state park. Though the 2000 census revealed a population of only 641 for Edisto Beach, the existing water system has many more customers, approximately 2,300, most of which consist of beach rentals. The town of Edisto Beach has a total of six supply wells located at various locations throughout the service area that supply the system. Pumping capacities range from 90 GPM up to 495 GPM. Water storage for the town consists of one 100,000 gallon elevated storage tank located on the island itself and one 200,000 gallon ground storage tank located just inland near the state park. Wells 4 and 5 are located adjacent to and fill the ground storage tank. Two booster pumps are located at the base of the ground storage tank and pump water from the ground storage tank into the distribution system. Water distribution lines range from 2” to 10” in diameter and are composed of PVC and DIP. Edisto Beach also has approximately 133 fire hydrants strategically located throughout the island. The wells and booster pumps are controlled by the water level in the elevated storage tank. The telemetry can be explained briefly in the following manner. Once the water level in the tank drops to 21 ft, a large and a small resource are turned on. If the level in the tank continues to drop to 20 ft, an additional large and an additional small resource are turned on. If the level in the tank continues to drop to 18 ft, the final large and small resource will be turned on. Large resources are considered Well# 6 (495 GPM) and Booster Pumps 1 and 2 (350 GPM each). Small resources are Wells # 1, 2, and 3. All of the resources are rotated at each start to prevent excessive run times. Key Challenges Due to the large amount of vacationers visiting the island, water demands can fluctuate greatly. Edisto Beach used 201,702,000 gallons of water for 2007. The peak month for demand during the calendar year is the month of July, when water usage averaged approximately 943,600 gallons per day (GPD). July’s water usage is three times the winter demand. The highly fluctuating demand requires the ability to adjust system operating parameters. The three major challenges for the town are adequate hydrant flows to all sectors of the service area, increasing pumping capacity, and better control and monitoring of the water system. These three challenges can become more difficult to address since the island is essentially built out and not many parcels are available for construction of new water system infrastructure (tanks, wells, booster pumps, etc.). Adequate Fire Flows to all Sectors of the Service Area. Water systems ideally have two operational characteristic that are relatively consistent throughout the distribution system: fire flow and pressure. Fluctuations in either of these parameters are unavoidable since lower pressures and fire flows will be encountered the further away from the energy source (tank, well, booster pump, etc.). However, system design should try to minimize these discrepancies as much as possible. Based on the physical layout of the system, there was a concern that several hydrants located off island down Palmetto Road near the state park may have inadequate fire flows. Fire hydrants located near the booster pumps would not be able to produce desirable fire flows without the booster pumps in operation. These hydrants located near the booster pumps with questionable flow rates are as much as 4.5 miles from the elevated storage tank. Since the current system operation is such that the wells and booster pumps are controlled by the water level in the elevated storage tank a scenario exists where hydrants near the booster pumps would not have enough energy from the elevated storage tank alone to provide the necessary fire flows. Earth Tech obtained and reviewed the hydrant test results from Bishop Hydrant Service conducted over the span of several days in the months of August 2006 and September 2007. Unfortunately, other water systems parameters during the period of hydrant testing including the elevated storage tank water level and which well pumps and / or booster pumps were operating were unavailable. These parameters are important because it is difficult to tell how the resources (wells and booster pumps) impact the various hydrants. Approximately 133 fire hydrants were tested and inspected. The hydrant test results indicated that at the time of testing, the Town of Edisto Beach has adequate system pressure to produce satisfactory fire flows. All the hydrants tested within the water system met the minimum DHEC requirement of 500 GPM with a 20 psi residual pressure, most showing significantly higher flows at much higher residual pressures. Out of 133 fire hydrants, there were no hydrants that tested below 750 GPM of fire flow. Fire flows centered mostly around 900 to 1200 GPM, which meet AWWA recommendations for needed fire flow. Out of 133 fire hydrants located in the Edisto Beach water system, only 4 hydrants produced less than 900 GPM during the fire flow testing. Most these hydrants are located off the island near the state park and Palmetto Road. In addition, these hydrants producing the lowest flow are also in areas where the space between buildings are the greatest, typically over 31 feet; therefore, these hydrants also meet AWWA recommendations for fire flow. However, since, system parameters were not available at the time of hydrant flushing, it was necessary to model the water system to determine if the booster pumps were in operation during the hydrant flushing and testing, which was highly likely due to the high flows produced, as well as to evaluate the performance of off island hydrants. Adequate Supply. Small towns need to have enough supply capacity for fire protection without having an excessive number of wells that will lead to increased maintenance costs. The following was the yield from each of wells and the booster pumps if they were all operating at the same time, at a system pressure of 60 psi (a full elevated storage tank):" @default.
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• W832175583 title "Water Supply Challenges for an Island Community" @default.
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