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• W834284491 abstract "For a significant number of rural communities in the U.S., population loss is endemic and the outmigration of youth accepted as an unalterable fact of life. Residents of these nonmetropolitan regions have typically spent this century and much of the 20th century making the most of an unfavorable situation in which a norm of widespread outmigration persuaded discontented rural residents to take advantage of the more extensive employment and amenity opportunities available in metropolitan areas (Artz & Yu, 2011; Chen & Rosenthal, 2008; Johnson, 2006). Demographic data confirm what these communities have experienced first-hand: rates of outmigration from nonmetropolitan areas are significantly higher than for metropolitan areas and the flight of college-educated youth is arguably the most economically and socially acute population loss of all (Artz, 2003; Hektner, 1995; Theodori & Theodori, 2014). With population redistribution in the U.S. driven by a century-long ascendancy of urban and suburban milieus (Lichter & Brown, 2011), sparsely populated locations in the U.S. often struggle to keep pace in the competition to achieve broad-based economic growth and maintain a diverse and talented citizenry. Changing population densities and the social, economic, and outdoor opportunities associated with these contexts are partly revealed in census numbers (McGranahan, Wojan, & Lambert, 2011). In 1900, 46 million people or about 60% of Americans were spread across small towns, farms, and the open countryside (U.S. Census Bureau, 1993). Today, 46 million people live in nonmetropolitan counties, just 15% of the U.S. population (Kusmin, 2013).Demographic ebbs and flows characterized by variability across time and place constitute a rural paradox and a precarious balancing act (Johnson, 2012; Johnson et al., 2005; Krannich, Luloff, & Field, 2011; Lichter & Brown, 2011; Nelson, 2001; von Reichert, Cromartie, & Arthun, 2013). Spatial differentiation across rural landscapes means that some locations contend with a steadily shrinking and graying population while other rural locations enjoy widespread enrichment from a dependable influx of migrants, some of whom are young and well-educated (Carr & Kefalas, 2009; Johnson, 2012; McGranahan, Cromartie, & Wojan, 2010; Winkler, Cheng, & Golding, 2011). Although recent rates of population loss have fluctuated, it is apparent by now that the long-term counterurbanization trend predicted decades ago has not materialized as anticipated (Frey, 1987; Fuguitt, Brown, & Beale, 1989). No imminent population surge is about to pour in and buffer rural areas from the prolonged impact caused by youth outmigration. In fact, the situation has worsened in recent years because the absence of a rural renaissance has converged with recession-induced rural outmigration to exacerbate the usual outflow from rural areas (Cromartie, 2013).The upshot of these outmigration trends is that of the 1,976 counties recently reclassified by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget as nonmetropolitan, 1,269 of them lost population during 2010-2013, a record high (Cromartie, 2014). In over 700 of these counties, population loss exceeded 10% (McGranahan, Cromartie, and Wojan, 2010). Losses were most prominent in the Great Plains region stretching from Montana to Texas; the Com Belt areas of Iowa, Illinois, and other Midwestern states; the Mississippi Delta; the northern Appalachians; and the rusting industrial and played-out mining belts of Pennsylvania and New York. Gains were largest in the high-amenity regions of the Pacific Coast, Intermountain West, Ozarks, southern Appalachians, along the Gulf of Mexico, the southern Atlantic coast, and in rural counties adjacent to metro areas (Johnson, 2012; McGranahan, Cromartie, & Wojan, 2010).Given the inclinations of ambitious youth for geographic and social mobility, the migration patterns of rural youth pose a challenge to the regeneration of core rural values and experiences such as self-sufficiency, strong connections to family and community, resiliency, and industriousness. …" @default.
• W834284491 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W834284491 creator A5076054933 @default.
• W834284491 date "2014-10-01" @default.
• W834284491 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W834284491 title "Placing the Standards: Will the Common Core State Standards Encourage Rural Youth Outmigration?." @default.
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