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• W83453722 abstract "Philosopher and poet George Santayana (1905) is credited with first expressing the often-repeated idea that Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. What is there to learn from the history of the orientation and mobility (O&M) profession that can guide our future? The practice of teaching people who are blind to use a long cane to help them travel independently got its start during the U.S. Army's rehabilitation program during World War II. The field's historian, C. Warren Bledsoe, who played a role in this development, believed that it was facilitated by the fact that it took place outside the realm of existing services for people who were blind. People with an open mind on the subject were given the task of helping newly blinded soldiers learn how to get around their environment without the use of vision. Although people who were experienced in the field of blindness visited the program or served as advisers, the rehabilitation programs at Valley Forge Army Rehabilitation Hospital and at Avon Old Farms saw themselves and were seen as something new and apart from the field. As Williams (1986) recalled: Some months before I came to Valley Forge the morale of the blinded soldiers and the staff of the eye program were critically low. Corporal Hoover, who had been sent to the program from the Combat Engineers, stated that while most people said blind people traveled well, he believed they traveled poorly. This pronouncement jolted the staff but he went off, blindfolded himself, [and] decided that canes were required for these fellows to travel well. He then prevailed upon a steelmaker in nearby Norristown to divert some steel from tanks and liberty ships to make three hundred long canes. He prevailed on higher-ups at Valley Forge and above to provide the teachers. Hoover taught them how to teach and was hard nosed that it be done right. In retrospect, it was interesting to see how this new approach was introduced to an already well-established field. A review of the holdings of the C. Warren Bledsoe Orientation and Mobility Archives shed some light on this bit of history. Richard Hoover, the developer and the most visible champion of the long cane technique, made a presentation to the 1947 conference of the American Association of Workers for the Blind (AAWB) in Baltimore. Hoover was a young man who had taught physical education and wrestling at the Maryland School for the Blind for a few years before enlisting in the army during World War II. AAWB was an association of members who worked in the existing network of services for blind adults. Many were blind themselves and took great pride in the level of independence they had achieved and in what they had helped their clients achieve. It is fair to say that many were skeptical about what this former physical education teacher could teach them. Hoover began by acknowledging his own comparatively brief experience with this work and the lack of reliable data and useful information in the literature about travel without vision. But he did refer to a book by W. Hanks Levy published in London in 1872 that pointed to examples in both the Bible and Greek mythology of the use of a cane or a staff to help a blind person get around on his or her own. Levy also offered his own ideas about techniques and a rationale for people who were blind to learn to get around independently. Hoover noted that Levy's ideas of the methods and importance of acquiring the power of walking in the streets without a guide are so basically sound that it is amazing and a trifle sorrowing to note how little in the way of advancement or interest has been contributed in the past 100 years by those who by their position could have done so. (p. 27) In his 1947 presentation, Hoover wisely did not get into the specifics of the techniques that he and his colleagues developed and taught. …" @default.
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• W83453722 date "2011-10-01" @default.
• W83453722 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W83453722 title "Learning from Our Past: The Orientation and Mobility Archives" @default.
• W83453722 doi "https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x1110501004" @default.
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