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• W83489895 abstract "Similarity between Propositional Elements does not always determine Judgments of Analogical Relatedness Ricardo A. Minervino (minervinor@jetband.com.ar) Departamento de Psicologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educacion, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, H. Irigoyen 2000, 8324 Cipolletti, Rio Negro, Argentina Nicolas Oberholzer (oberholzer@fibertel.com.ar) Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Independencia 3065, Piso 3 Buenos Aires, 1425 Argentina Maximo Trench (maxtrench@fibertel.com.ar) Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Independencia 3065, Piso 3 Buenos Aires, 1425 Argentina literal similarity, both relational structures and attributes are shared (Gentner, 1989). SME (Falkenhainer, Forbus & Gentner, 1989), the computational implementation of the theory, is a symbolic system which takes as inputs propositional descriptions of the BA and the TA, and finds the maximal (i.e., largest and deepest) coherent relational match between the two, leaving aside isolated relations and not considering attributes. Two elements are allowed to be mapped only if they satisfy the following initial conditions: (a) formal identity: elements must be of the same formal type (objects, n-place relations, etc.); (b) semantic identity for relations: relations can be mapped only if they are identical in meaning. Once all local matches are generated, the program incrementally coalesces them into a few global mappings. Such mappings are structurally consistent, that is, they satisfy the following constraints: (a) parallel connectivity: if two predicates are put in correspondence, their arguments must also be mapped; (b) one-to-one mapping: each element in the BA must map to at most one element in the TA and vice-versa. SME uses the established mappings to suggest hypothesis about the TA. Finally, each global mapping is given a syntactic evaluation based on the number of local matches and the depth of the system of matches (the systematicity principle). To make the semantic identity condition for relations more flexible, Yan, Forbus and Gentner (2003) coupled SME with rerepresentation mechanisms aimed at detecting underlying commonalities between similar but non-identical relations. The multiconstraint theory conceives mapping as determined by a conjunction of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic constraints. ACME (Holyoak & Thagard, 1989), the first computational implementation of the theory, is a hybrid system that combines propositional representations with connectionist-style processing. The program builds a network in which nodes stand for mapping hypotheses between formally identical elements, and weighted links between nodes represent constraints. Symmetric excitatory links are created between mapping hypotheses that satisfy the constraint of parallel connectivity, and symmetric inhibitory links are generated between mapping hypotheses that violate the one-to-one constraint. Pragmatic constraints Abstract Most computational models of analogical mapping and evaluation of analogical relatedness (e.g., SME, ACME and LISA) reduce the effects of semantics on these processes to the influence of similarities between propositional elements to be paired. Two experiments were carried out to show that people do not always follow this kind of similarities. In Experiment 1, when comparing a single proposition base analog with two alternative target analogs, participants judged as more analogous those that did not share that type of similarity. In Experiment 2 participants solved ambiguous mappings between propositions framed within systems of relations and tasks of cause identification. They favored matchings between propositions lacking element to element similarity. The implications of these results for computational models of analogical thinking are discussed. Keywords: analogy; similarity; mapping; rerepresentation. Semantics in the dominant theories of analogical mapping Analogy is a powerful mechanism that takes part in many and diverse cognitive tasks (Gentner, Holyoak & Kokinov, 2001). Through a mapping between a well-understood base analog (BA) and a less-understood target analog (TA), inferences can be drawn to enhance the representation of the TA (Gentner, 1983; Holyoak & Thagard, 1995). The structure-mapping theory (Gentner, 1983, 1989) and the multiconstraint theory (Holyoak & Thagard, 1989; Hummel & Holyoak, 1997) have dominated the discussion of analogical mapping and inference generation. The structure-mapping theory postulates that knowledge is represented in propositional form, and distinguishes between: (a) entities: single elements that stand for objects; (b) attributes: unary predicates representing properties of objects; (c) first-order relations: multiplace predicates that link two or more objects; (d) higher order relations: predicates that link relations themselves. According to this theory, in an analogy the two situations being compared share a relational structure (systems of relations governed by higher order relations), despite existing differences in the attributes of the objects that compose the situations. In" @default.
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• W83489895 title "Similarity Between Propositional Elements Does Not Always Determine Judgments of Analogical Relatedness" @default.
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