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• W837899682 abstract "Small amounts of chemical substances were ap plied at a sugarwater bait where workers from a colony of Tr?gona fulviventris fulviventris Gu?rin were foraging. The bees showed no response to almond extract or anise. When food source and trail marking compounds of competing Tr?gona species were applied, the bees responded with flight and defensive postures. Tropical and subtropical bees of the genus Tr?gona exist in communities that may include a dozen species or more. The bees overlap greatly in the floral taxa they visit, and compete by agonistic and other means for these resources. Coexistence appears to be accomplished by means of behavioral partitioning, that is, the foraging strategies are to an extent complementary (Johnson, 1974; Johnson and Hubbell, 1974, 1975; Hubbell and Johnson, 1977, 1978). In many Tr?gona species, workers that have discovered food will mark the food source or spots between the food source and the nest with man dibular gland pheromone. The pheromone mixture, which helps direct other workers from the colony to the food (Lindauer and Kerr, 1958, 1960; Kerr et al, 1963; Blum et al., 1970), has a chemical composition which is species specific (Luby et al., 1973; Blum, 1974; Weaver et al., 1975). Johnson (1974) suggested that Tr?gona species might respond in adaptive ways to the perception of the marking pheromones of competing Tr?gona. One possibility is the discovery of a new food source by recognizing the marking pheromone of a competitor species, and indeed, Kerr et al. (1963) reported that Tr?gona xanthotricha could follow the trails of T. postica to an experimental food source. Interspecific trail-following presumably to food or to foraging areas has also been described in ants (Wilson, 1965; Robinson et al., 1974 and r?f. therein), but the significance of interspecific responsiveness ought to be greater in bees, which fly, and can potentially encounter marks deposited by many different colonies. Another possibility is for unaggressive species to respond with alarm to the perception of the pheromone of an aggressive rival. Such a response was demonstrated at sugarwater baits in timid T. testaceicornis (Johnson Received for publication 13 April 1979. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:44:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 358 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY and Chadab, 1973) and in interspecifically unaggressive T. fulviventris (Johnson, 1974) when these foraging workers were exposed to a feeding platform recently marked by the aggressive T. silvestriana. These studies, however, did not rule out the possibility that the alarm was provoked simply by the sudden appearance of a strange scent. Nor was the possibility ruled out that the test bees were responding to a chemical component of T. sil vestriana pheromone found also in their own glands. In this work I sepa rately tested the response of foraging T. fulviventris fulviventris Gu?rin to the sudden application of unfamiliar odors and to the sudden application of Tr?gona compounds not found in their own mandibular glands. Materials and Methods On June 2, 1978 I trained an individual Tr?gona fulviventris to a sandwich box filled with sugar syrup on which floated a styrofoam platform with holes through which bees could drink. The syrup was 0.6 M sucrose scented with 1.6 x 10~3 M amyl acetate. The bait was situated 20 m from the bee's nest, in a tract of tropical dry forest on Comelco Ranch, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica (lat. 10?32'N, long. 85?18'W). The bee recruited more than a hundred others. On June 4, 1978 I set out a fresh bait in the same site, and waited until the accumulation in bee numbers had leveled off. In the center of the sty rofoam feeding platform I stuck nine insect pins each bearing a 1 cm2 piece of filter paper 1 cm above the platform. Every 15 seconds I counted the number of bees on the bait and the number that held their wings out in a defensive threat stance (Johnson, 1974; Johnson and Hubbell, 1974). About every four minutes I pipetted 20 /xl of test substance onto one of the squares of filter paper. After one minute I removed the pin with paper and scent and put it inside a closed plastic container. Application and re moval were accomplished with smooth movements that did not disturb the bees. Application began 5 seconds after a count. The next count of display ing bees, and bees on the bait, was made 10 seconds after application was begun. Commercial almond extract and anise were the control odors. These odors were chosen because other experiments had showed T. fulviventris to be sensitive to these substances in small quantities (Johnson, unpub lished). The test bee chemicals were a mixture of 2-heptadecanone, 2-hep tanol, 2-nonanol, 2-nonanone, 2-pentadecanone, and 2-tridecanol, in the sol vent hexane, such that 20 ?A corresponded to the amount in two mandibular glands of T. pectoralis. These compounds occur in the glands of competing Tr?gona species collected from the study area (Brand, pers. comm.), species which have co-occurred with T. fulviventris there for at least six years. None of these compounds appear in the mandibular glands of T. fulviventris (Brand, pers. comm.). This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:44:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 53, NUMBER 2 359 Fig. 1. Upper trace: Number of Tr?gona fulviventris settled on feeding platform during the course of an experiment in which almond scent (A) and mandibular bee chemicals (BC) were applied. Each set of vertical lines bounds a one-minute period during which the odor substance indicated was present on the filter paper above the bait. Lower trace: Number of bees settled on feeding platform which held their wings out defensively." @default.
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• W837899682 title "Alarm response of foraging Trigona fulviventris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to mandibular gland components of competing bee species." @default.
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