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• W842565277 abstract "The type-I ELMy H-mode is foreseen as the standard ITER operation scenario. Type-I ELMs (edge localised modes) are MHD instabilities causing a fast (~ms) expulsion of plasma particles and energy. A large fraction of the energy – an extremely high peak load of power – is concentrated onto the surface of plasma facing components; a threat to the lifetime of these components especially in large machines [1]. However, ELMs also remove impurities from the plasma, allowing for a stable and robust state, meaning that ELMs can be used as a tool to control the plasma edge and impurity content. Nevertheless the harmful effects of ELMs must be mitigated in order to be able to use this tool. Cryogenic fuelling pellets were observed to trigger ELMs immediately after being injected into the plasma, and so the ELM frequency can be increased above the natural ELM frequency with a sufficiently high pellet injection rate (pellet pacing) [2]. The ELM size (energy loss per ELM) was observed to decrease with increased frequency, indicating that pellet ELM pacing could be a method to mitigate ELM effects. In order to be able to estimate pellet requirements for ELM mitigation in larger machines, the thorough understanding of ELM triggering mechanism is inevitable. One aim of the ELM triggering experiments conducted at ASDEX Upgrade tokamak was to determine the location of the pellet when the ELM was triggered. In these studies pellets were injected from the magnetic high field side (HFS) of the torus, their position was determined using a fast framing camera system [3]. The pellet trajectory was observed to bend considerably for pellets with lower velocities (240-600 m/s). The bending is caused by radial acceleration of the pellets, while the vertical component of their velocity remains roughly constant [3]. This means that the pellet track differs considerably from the designated path (a straight line), and therefore the pellet (and the perturbation caused by it) touches different areas of the plasma. Also the dynamics of the ablation (perturbation) is changed: faster pellets penetrate deeper into the plasma therefore the local density perturbation caused by the ablation is smaller. To study the radial acceleration of pellets in the plasma, a database of pellets was created containing pellet trajectory data (radial and vertical coordinates R, z, respectively) as well as plasma parameters such as magnetic structure and electron temperature and density profiles. The fast cameras, viewing tangentially to the poloidal plane of the pellet injection, were run in the ‘long exposure’ mode, resulting in an image on which the whole pellet trajectory is visible (in the R-z plane) with the light emitted by the pellet integrated over its whole lifetime. In this way the toroidal bending of the pellet path could not be detected. Although this image contains no explicit time information, the radial velocity and acceleration of the pellet can be determined by assuming that the vertical component of the pellet velocity" @default.
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• W842565277 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W842565277 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W842565277 title "Radial acceleration of solid hydrogen pellets in hot tokamak plasmas" @default.
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