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• W850783222 abstract "ABSTRACTThis paper examines 1930 student insurrection at Instituto Politecnico, an icon of Americanization established by Protestant missionaries in Puerto Rico in 1912. Students' militant direct action, including occupation, engendered heated interventions by both insular nationalists and supporters of Americanization. The paper argues that these events represented dynamics particular to third decade of U.S. occupation, including resistance to Americanization and increased political power of pro-Americanizing Puerto Ricans. Demonstrating contingency of colonizing relations, it argues need for carefully historicizing Americanization and responses to it, for it was a fluid, contested, contradictory process. [Key words: nationalism, student strike, Americanization, anti-Americanism, Puerto Rico, missionaries]On may 19, 1930, a crowd of strode down steep, green santa marta hills surrounding polytechnic Iinstitute and marched a mile to center of san german, a town in southwestern puerto rico. Carrying black flags, setting off fireworks, and making music, they clamored for resignation of Dean of Students, Charles Leker. They paraded to City Hall and past house of an insular legislator, shouting Down with Dean Leker! A manifesto distributed to townspeople accused despotic Leker of trampling on sacrosanct rights of all students and proclaimed righteousness of their search for justice. Hearkening back to Puerto Rican patriots, manifesto dramatically proclaimedI will not fall, but if I doI will fall blessing causeOn which I have based my whole life.Our protest is just,Forward, always forward!1This protest and consequent events, at a school founded by mainland Protestant missionaries, represented complex dynamics particular to third decade of U.S. occupation of island. These included both growing insular nationalism and increased political power of Puerto Ricans who embraced Americanization, a multifaceted program initiated with U.S. invasion in 1898. Both formal and informal, this modernization project included new U.S.-designed systems of governance, education, law, finance, and commerce. It also facilitated mainland corporations' access to Puerto Rico's resources through concessions and tax and tariff policies, producing radical changes in insular political economy.A central theme in Puerto Rican historiography, Americanization has been variously interpreted. Historian Jose-Manuel Navarro, for example, describes it as assimilation and de-Puerto Ricanization (Navarro 2002: 194-5). In contrast, historian Angel Quintero Rivera observes that Americanization resonated with educated, social- reformist professional sector of Puerto Rico's Republican Party (Quintero Rivera: 1977, cited in Caban 1999: 169). Political scientist Pedro Caban views Americanization through lens of accommodation and resistance, emphasizing Puerto Ricans' capacity for negotiating with colonial state. Sociologist Samuel Silva Gotay's definitive work on missionaries and Americanization highlights its complexity, defining it as a profound process congruent with values, principles, dynamics, and institutions derived from turn-of-the-century U.S. liberal capitalism (Silva Gotay 1997: 277).This essay views Americanization as a dynamic, polyvalent, multi-directional process. While acknowledging weight of U.S. power, it seeks to enrich our understanding of cultural imperialism by transcending binaries of nationalism/colonialism. Framing Americanization as monolithic, implacable, and categorically imposed accounts for neither contingent nature of colonizing relations nor Americanization's unintended consequences; additionally, it underemphasizes Puerto Ricans' agency. Analyzing student revolt, this essay argues that, functioning as a venue for contesting Americanization, Polytechnic's trajectory reflects fluid, sometimes contradictory nature of Americanization and that Puerto Ricans' responses to revolt demonstrate not only power of the colonized, but also their heterogeneity. …" @default.
• W850783222 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W850783222 date "2014-04-01" @default.
• W850783222 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W850783222 title "The Not-So-Docile Puerto Rican: Students Resist Americanization, 1930" @default.
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