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• W851720470 abstract "The research on biology and ecology of Mottled Umber Moth – Erannis defoliaria Cl. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) was carried out in the period 1985–2009 in oak forests in Serbia. Mottled Umber Moth was mainly in the latency during the investigation. Only at the locality Miroc in East Serbia and in Forest unit Zlatica (National Park Djerdap), it was dominant in the complex of early defoliators. Natural enemies of E. defoliaria and especially parasitoids and hyperparasitoids are important mortality factors. Egg parasitoid Trichogramma sp. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) was recorded at few localities in the vicinity of Belgrade and in the wide area of National Park Djerdap. They are nonspecific parasitoids. Somewhat more specific Telenomus minutus (Hym., Scelionidae) was recorded from East Serbia – locality Miroc. Larval parasitoids are Protapanteles immunis, Cotesia limbata, C. jucunda (Hym., Braconidae); Casinaria ischnogaster, Casinaria moesta, Phobocampe crassiuscula, Phobocampe pulchella, Phobocampe sp. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), Euplectrus bicolor, Eulophus larvarum (Hym., Eulophidae), Blondelia nigripes, Phryxe magnicornis, P. nemea, Peribaea fissiconis (Diptera, Tachinidae). There are 16 parasitoids recorded. Five species of hyperparasitoids recorded on E. defoliaria are following: Gelis areator, Bathythrix lamina (Hym., Ichneumonidae), Perilampus ruficornis (Hym., Perilampidae), Habrocytus chrysos. (Hym., Pteromalidae), Tetrastichus sp. (Hym., Eulophidae). K e y w o rd s : Quercus spp., oak, Erannis defoliaria, Mottled Umber Moth, parasitoid, hyperparasitoid M. Glavendekic: PARASITOIDS AND HYPERPARASITOIDS OF ERANNIS DEFOLIARIA CL. ... Sumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXIV (2010), 403-410 404 MATERIAL AND METHODS – Materijali i metode rada occurrence, they are divided in early-season (spring) defoliators, the long-season defoliators and late-season defoliators. To early-season defoliators belong species which overwinter in the stages of egg or pupa and whose activity is related to early spring. Their caterpillars feed on the buds or young leaves and their development ends very quickly. This group is faunistically most versatile (leaf rollers, winter moths, noctuid moths, sawflies, oak leaf beetles, weevils). Their defoliations occur chronically and the consequence of defoliation is the reduction of increment (K l e p a c & S p a i c , 1965; R u b c o v , 1996). For this reason, defoliators are paid special attention to and the control measures are most often directed against them. The first data about E. defoliara outbreaks in oak forests from 1887 to 1898 are given by L a n g h o f f e r , 1899. Long-term study of winter moths in Croatia Slavonia oak forests were undertaken in 1960 (S p a i c , 1974). The significance of winter moths in Serbia, as forest pests was emphasised by To m i c , 1980; Va s i c & To m i c , 1980. Predators and parasitoids of herbivores can reduce the pests or prevent their outbreak. After multiannual application of DDT preparations in the suppression of gypsy moths in forests, ecological study was undertaken in the fifties of last century, in order to find alternate methods of forest insect pests suppression (P s c h o r n Wa l c h e r , 1977). These researches were aimed at the development of the concept of biological control applied in Canada, where the outbreak of the winter moth was suppressed by biological control (E m b r e e , 1966). The application of biological methods in the control of forest insect pests was studied by M i h a j l o v i c , Lj., (1986), H a r a p i n (1992), G l a v e n d e k i c (1992) and many other authors. Based on the literature, 53 parasitoids and 11 hyperparasitoids have so far been identified for E. defoliaria in Europe (H e r t i n g , 1965, 1976; C a p e k , and C e p e l a k , 1981; C a p e k , 1985; D j o r o v i c , 1980). The most of parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (41 species) and the rest belong to Diptera (Tachinidae 11 species and Phoridae one species). The majority of hyperparasitoids are from family Ichneumonidae (10 species) and only one species from the family Perilampidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). The following parasitoids in Serbia were recorded on mottled umber moth: Cotesia jucunda Marsh., Meteorus versicolor Wesm. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Eulophus larvarum L. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Phorocera obscura Fall. (Diptera: Tachinidae). The research done on all development stages of E. defoliaria Clerck, 1759. The research was carried out by field and laboratory methods. Field work included standard methods of entomological research of moths in all development stages. The method of exposure in nature was applied to eggs and larvae by using sticky bands at the time of female activity. Females laid eggs in bark crevices below sticky bands. The parts of the bark with eggs were cut and the samples were taken to the laboratory for rearing and processing. Sticky bands were also used for larval exposure, but in April and May. To monitor population dynamics and the change of quality composition of winter moths, absolute and relative abundance of E. defoliaria was assessed every year. Caterpillar density was assessed when they were predominantly the second and partly the third instars. Absolute abundance was assessed by counting the leaves or opened buds and caterpillars in the sample. Relative abundance was assessed based on the number of caterpillars on 1000 leaves. Biology and ecology of E. defoliaria were studied on the following localities and types of forests: 1. Fruska gora Mt., Brankovac, Compartment 41 – forest of Turkey oak and sessile oak (Quercetum petraeae-cerris) on brown and lessive brown soil on serpentinite. 2. Forest Unit Kosutnjak one sample plot was set aside in the forest of sessile oak, Turkey oak and hornbeam (CarpinoQuercetum petraeae-cerris) on brown forest soil and lessive brown forest soil. The second in the plantation of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) on humus brown forest soil. The third one was set aside in the association OrnoQuercetum pubescentis-virgilianae. 3. Forest Unit Mala Mostanica compartment 52 – artificially regenerated stand of black locust and a mixture of oaks are established on a typical site of Hungarian oak and Turkey oak. 4. Forest Unit Avala, Compartment 15, in a climatogenic community Quercetum frainetto-cerris aculatetosum on lessive brown forest soil. 5. Forest Unit Jamena – Radjenovci, Visoka suma, compartment 4c – forest type pedunculate oak and hornbeam (Carpino Quercetum roboris) on brown forest soil to lessive brown forest soil in the non-flooded area. 6. Forest Unit Visoka suma Losinci, compartments 1a, 2d, 15a. – forest type pedunculate oak, hornbeam and Turkey oak (Carpino-Quercetum robori-cerris typicum) on brown forest soil to lessive brown forest soil. 7. Forest Unit Visoka suma Losinci, compartment 23g. – forest type pedunculate oak, hornbeam and Turkey oak (Carpino-Quercetum robori-cerris typicum) on lessive to semigley soils. 8. Forest Unit Miroc, compartment 73a – forest of sessile oak Quercetum montanum typicum) on brown soils. 9. Forest Unit Porecke sume, compartment: 54b – forest type beech and sessile oak (Querco-Fagetum typicum) on acid brown and lessive acid brown soil. 10. Forest Unit Porecke sume, compartment 54 f – forest type sessile oak (Quercetum montanum typicum) on acid brown soil. 11. Forest Unit Zlatica, compartment 93a – forest type sessile oak (Quercetum montanum typicum) on acid M. Glavendekic: PARASITOIDS AND HYPERPARASITOIDS OF ERANNIS DEFOLIARIA CL. ... Sumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXIV (2010), 403-410 405 brown soil. 12. Forest Unit Zlatica, compartment 96a forest type beech and sessile oak (Querco-Fagetum typicum) on acid brown and lessive acid brown soil. 13. Forest Unit Kožica, compartment 30b – forest of sessile oak and Turkey oak (Quercetum petraeae cerris pauperum) on acid brown and lessive acid brown soils. 14. Forest Unit Kožica, compartment 31a – forest of submontane beech (Fagetum submontanum) on deep eutric brown soils (brown forest soil and brown soil on loamy sediments). 15. Forest Unit Bukovik, compartment 4a – coppice forest of Hungarian oak and Turkey oak with Eastern hornbeam (Quercetum frainetto cerris carpinetosum orinetalis) on dystric and eutric brown soils. 16. Forest administration Raska, Forest unit Kosovac – coppice forest of Hungarian oak and Turkey oak with Eastern hornbeam (Quercetum frainetto cerris carpinetosum orinetalis) on dystric and eutric brown" @default.
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• W851720470 title "Parasitoids and Hyperparasitoids of Erannis Defoliaria CL. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in Oak Forests" @default.
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