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• W852809930 abstract "I. Introduction 145II. Current Problems in Food Safety 150A. The Cost of Unsafe Food 150B. Current Attempts at Making Food Safer 1511. The Food Safety Modernization Act 152C. Continuing Problems 152III. Overview of Criminal Prosecution of Food Safety Laws 155A. The Enforcement Process 155B. A vailable Statutes for Prosecution 157C. Key Case Law 158IV. The Present Level of Enforcement of Criminal Food Safety Violations Fails to Optimally Deter Prospective Criminals 161A. Over-Federalization of Criminal Law is a Myth 1611. Available Data on OCI Prosecutions Are Sparse 162B. Optimal Deterrence of Food Safety Violations 164V. Moving Closer to Optimal Deterrence of Food Safety Violations 168A. Increasing the Number of Prosecutions 168B. Statutory Changes 1721. Is a New Criminal Statute Needed? 1722. Increased Felony Prosecution Options 1723. Changing § 333's Mens Rea Requirement 174C. Aim Plea Bargaining and Sentencing at Obtaining Prison Time for Defendants First, Fines Second 180VI. Conclusion 181I. IntroductionIn 2009, an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis caused 714 illnesses in forty-six states, produced nine deaths,1 and triggeredwhat was then the largest food recall in U.S. history. Laboratory testing traced the outbreak back to the Peanut Corporation of America (PCA),1 2 3 a company whose literature boasted of its remarkable Food-Safety record that was developed in an environment committed to continuous training and state-of-the-art Food Safety techniques.4 But this commitment did not extend very far; a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspection found a leaky roof, water stains, and mold on the walls-prime conditions for Salmonella growth.5State inspectors shut down PCA's plant in Plainview, Texas after finding dead rodents and fecal matter near the air ventilation system of the production room.6 Even worse, Federal and Texas officials did not even know PCA's Plainview facility existed until after they started investigating [a different] plant. [The Plainview plant] was unlicensed and had been uninspected by the government for four years.7 PCA's size may have allowed it to escape detection: PCA was not an international conglomerate, but a small, family-owned and -operated business.8 Ultimately, PCA declared bankruptcy,9 which left it unclear who would be held accountable for the nine deaths, hundreds of illnesses, and millions of dollars in economic damages resulting from this outbreak.Yet it soon became clear that there were individuals at the heart of the scandal who could be held criminally responsible. PCA's massive recall quickly led to a congressional investigation, which revealed internal company e-mails allegedly documenting that former PCA CEO Stewart Parnell knew his company shipped contaminated peanuts.10 As more and more damning information was uncovered, family members of those who became ill or died after eating the PCA's Salmonella-tainted products called upon the federal government to bring criminal charges against Parnell. However, because the FDA rarely uses its criminal prosecution power regarding food violations,12 Parnell was unlikely to face criminal charges. Attorneys in the field concur with this observation, and their views are supported by FDA data: less than 1% of inspections result in criminal prosecution.14 Yet at the time of the PCA outbreak, senators and attorneys alike could not fathom why there had been no prosecution of PCA.15 For example, when the criminal probe into PCA was announced, U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar, a former prosecutor, said, Based on my review of the evidence, there should be a criminal prosecution here. …" @default.
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• W852809930 date "2014-01-01" @default.
• W852809930 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W852809930 title "Prosecuting over Peanuts: How the PCA Scandal Can Inform More Effective Federal Criminal Enforcement of Food Safety Laws" @default.
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