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• W854567913 abstract "Automatic Labeling of Phonesthemic Senses Ekaterina Abramova (e.abramova@ftr.ru.nl) Department of Philosophy, Radboud University Nijmegen Raquel Fern´andez (raquel.fernandez@uva.nl) Institute for Logic, Language & Computation, University of Amsterdam Federico Sangati (federico.sangati@gmail.com) Institute for Logic, Language & Computation, University of Amsterdam Abstract This study attempts to advance corpus-based exploration of sound iconicity, i.e. the existence of a non-arbitrary relation- ship between forms and meanings in language. We examine a number of phonesthemes, phonetic groupings proposed to be meaningful in the literature, with the aim of developing ways to validate their existence and their semantic content. Our first experiment is a replication of Otis and Sagi (2008), who showed that sets of words containing phonesthemes are more semantically related to each other than sets of random words. We augment their results using the British National Corpus and the Semantic Vectors package for building a distributional se- mantic model. Our second experiment shows how the semantic content of at least some phonesthemes can be identified auto- matically using WordNet, thereby further reducing the room for intuitive judgments in this controversial field. Keywords: Iconicity; Phonesthemes; Corpus analysis; Distri- butional Semantics; WordNet. Introduction The claim that the relationship between forms and meanings in language is not always arbitrary is controversial. How- ever, evidence for non-arbitrary relationships comes at mul- tiple levels of language, from phonology to syntax (Perniss, Thompson, & Vigliocco, 2010). Here we focus on the pho- netic level and investigate the association of particular sounds with aspects of word meaning. Such sound iconicity has been described in a variety of non-Indo-European languages (see the studies in Hinton, Nichols and Ohala Hinton, Nichols, & Ohala, 2006b) and its existence in English suggested by a number of authors (Firth, 1930; Marchand, 1969), and ex- ploited in commercial settings (Shrum & Lowrey, 2007). Phonesthemes (a technical term for meaningful sound pat- terns) are sub-morphemic units that play a role of morphemes but have been traditionally distinguished from them by being non-compositional (but see Rhodes Rhodes, 2006 for an op- posite view). The most oft-cited example is the English phon- estheme gl which occurs in a large number of words related to light or vision (glitter, glisten, glow, gleam, glare, glint, etc.). Once the phonestheme is taken out, the remainder of the word is not a morpheme (-itter, -isten, -ow etc.) and one does not attach gl to other words to make them light-related. Still, the extent and the nature of this phenomenon is not clear. Traditionally, the evidence for the existence of phones- themes and their proposed meaning consisted in listing a number of words that share a given sound and attempting to find the semantic core that unites them. Popular expla- nations for the phenomenon would rest on the intuited as- sociation between sound production and meaning. For ex- ample, Reid (1967) states that “The explosive nature of the letter b is intensified when it is combined with l before the breath is released. Consequently words beginning with bl are found generally to indicate a ’bursting-out’ or the resultant swelling or expansion” (p. 10). More recent accounts view them rather as a matter of statistical clustering. According to such “snowballing effect” theory, a group of phonemes in re- lated words (for example, by common etymology) becomes over time associated with the meaning of these words and given the right conditions starts to attract other words with the same phoneme into a cluster, through semantic change or influencing the creation of new words (Blust, 2003; Hinton, Nichols, & Ohala, 2006a). 1 Dissociating these competing explanations would require a combination of historical and cross-linguistic research but, arguably, there is a wealth of more basic questions that need to be addressed first. The nature of iconicity is such that it is easy to see the connection between form and meaning once we are aware of both elements but such intuition is not al- ways a reliable guide for discovering the connections. Just as it is difficult to interpret an iconic sign from American Sign Language when its meaning is unknown (Bellugi & Klima, 1976), we might miss the connection that is in fact present. On the other hand, we might over-estimate the connection by listing only the light-related gl-words and forgetting the amount of gl-words that have nothing to do with light (glide, glucose, globe, glove, etc.). In other words, if we want to val- idate the existence of phonesthemes or explain their origin, we need to apply more falsifiable and unbiased methods in all stages of investigation: identifying them in a given language, quantifying their scope and establishing their meaning. So far, the reality of phonesthemes has been demonstrated in behavioral experiments (Bergen, 2004; Hutchins, 1998) and corpus studies (Drellishak, 2006; Otis & Sagi, 2008). Our aim is to contribute to the second current of this research. We believe that this is a valuable way of objectively addressing large-scale linguistic phenomena that can refine our under- standing of sound iconicity and lead to further testable hy- 1 This is not to say that there are no universal sound features un- derlying certain cases of sound iconicity, such as words for small and large objects usually associated with high and low acoustic fre- quency respectively (Ohala, 1994)." @default.
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• W854567913 title "Automatic labeling of phonesthemic senses" @default.
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