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• W855686543 abstract "AbstractKey Words:IntroductionThe Chemical Industry has gradually attained central role in modern and transitioning economies of the world. Globally, the trade in chemicals is generating business in trillions of dollars. For instance, the chemical industry in the U.S. is amongst the top exporters; and based on its significance out of seventy-seven industrial sectors the chemical industry ranks ninth. (Murmann, 2002) The chemical products are extremely important for national economy, and the strong dependence between chemical industry and other industries is mutually reinforcing. Therefore, few targeted attacks against chemical infrastructure can have consequences far greater than the immediate deaths and destructions. (Dixon, 2002) Handling chemicals at any stage is cumbersome and risky. Therefore, the safety and security of chemicals and related facilities has immense importance for avoiding the chemical accidents, preventing inadvertent and deliberate misuse of chemicals.Hypothetically speaking, a chemical industrial accident can devastate the whole city. The chemical plant accident at Bhopal, India (1984) demonstrated the enormous destructive potentials of a chemical accident. The terrorist groups use of chemicals for their nefarious designs have intensified the significance of the safety and security of the chemical industry. That is why; the dangers from the chemical plants received serious attention from the 9/11 Commission. Senator Barrack Obama (currently President of the United States) declared chemical plants Stationary Weapons of Mass Destruction spread throughout the country. (Obama, 2006) According to an estimate of the U.S. Army a worst case successful terrorist attack against a chemical industry and the consequent release of toxic chemicals may kill or injure up to 2.4 million people. (Kosal, 2008) Notably, beside loss of lives and property, the chemical accidents have severe environmental consequences.The preceding discussion underscores the significance of the proper management of chemicals and related facilities. The rapid urbanization, growth in population, and poor land use planning by housing schemes shrink the distance between the chemical industries and major population centres in Pakistan. Therefore, an accident in an industry could cause immense destructions and possibly domino effects. Internationally, serious concern persists about the probability that terrorists may cause the release of toxic chemicals when the dual-use toxic chemicals are transported or by attacking chemical industry. The Second Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention reaffirmed this concern. (UZUMCU, 2010) More precisely, the chemical plants are both attractive and vulnerable targets for terrorism due to their designs. It seems that these plants cannot withstand well executed terrorist attacks. Thus, the safety and security of the chemical plants is imperative to prevent the chemical disaster in the country.The following discussion is divided into five sections. The first section contains brief overview of a few major chemical accidents. It is followed by a discussion on the chemical industry of Pakistan. The third section highlights the challenges to the chemical industry in the country. The fourth section spells out the national legalistic apparatus of the Pakistani chemical industry. The fifth section highlights Pakistan's membership with various international agreements and treaties to improve the safety and security of its chemical industry.Major Chemical AccidentsThe accidents due to the human errors or technical drawbacks at the chemical facilities are very disastrous and have lasting repercussions. Therefore, it is imperative that one ought to review the chemical accidents intelligently to avoid their repetition in one's own chemical industry. Indeed, the chemical accidents can be caused by many factors; therefore, it is imperative to study chemical accidents for preventing them in future by formulating and implementing appropriate policies at various levels. …" @default.
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• W855686543 date "2014-07-01" @default.
• W855686543 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W855686543 title "Management of Chemicals in Pakistan: Concerns and challenges" @default.
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