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- W86246114 abstract "IntroductionThose who are responsible for satisfying needs of child and raise him/her are first of all family in which he/she is born. Besides family, relatives, neighbors, friends of child present in his/her environment as well as his/her teachers with start of educational life are individuals who are together with child as he/she grows up. Child abuse, which influences growth and development of child negatively, has been encountered in every culture throughout human history. While some children are abused by adults in terms of sex, some are made working in heavy duties at young ages, and some others do lose their lives since their essential needs such as food, shelter and education are not met (Bahcecik & Kavakli, 1996; Bilir, An, Donmez, Atik, & San, 1991; Poole et al., 1991; Zeytinoglu & Kozcu, 1991).The World Health Organization defines child abuse as the behaviors that are made by an adult advertently or inadvertently and influence health as well as physical and psycho-social development of child negatively (Kara, Bicer, & Gokalp, 2004). Child abuse is observed as physical, sexual, emotional, economic abuse and negligence. In most general sense, physical abuse is described as injury of child other than due to accidents. It is emergence of fractures, burns and cuts leading to physical harm. UNICEF defined emotional abuse as dispraising consistently qualities, capacities and desires of child, depriving child from social relations and relations with sources, threatening child continuously by giving socially heavy damages or abandoning child by using superhuman forces, making demands that are not consistent with age or power of child and raising child with methods that are incongruous with society. Sexual abuse is use of a child who has not completed his/her psycho-social development, by an adult or an older child for sexual stimulation or satisfaction purposes. Child negligence is defined as not satisfying requirements necessary for health and physical or psychological development of child (UNICEF, 2003).It is estimated that each year 1.6 million children are victims of physical, sexual or emotional abuse; that more than 1000 children die due to this reason (Yolga Tahiroglu, Avci, & Cekin, 2008). In a study conducted in U.S.A. in 1993, it is indicated that approximately 1% of children are victims of abuse while 1.5% are neglected. One third are between six months and three years and one third are older than three years (Jain, 1999; Tercier, 1998). In a study conducted in Israel with 5742 primary school students, it had been determined that 22.2% of children had suffered from physical abuse while 29.1% had suffered from emotional abuse (Bebenishty, Zeira, Astor, & Khoury, 2002). Vandeven and Newberger (1994) pointed out that 4 children per week were dying in England due to child abuse and negligence and that one child under age of 4 out of 1000 was dying by being subject to physical abuse. According to statistics in England, emotional abuse had been determined as 18% (Cetin, 2008).Since 1980's, many studies have been conducted about child abuse in Turkey. In most of these studies, ratio concerning physical abuse of children had been founded high (Aral, 1997; Ayan & Kocacik, 2009; Bilir, An, Donmez, Atik, & San, 1991; Oral, Yavuz, & Can, 1997). The fact that these ratios are high derives from behaviors that parents display in disciplining child. In her study, Akduman (2010) determined that most frequently used methods by mothers with aim of disciplining their children were being angry with child, shouting at child, reprimanding and threatening child while some mothers were using methods of cursing, insulting or humiliating child, giving tasks more than child could afford and giving physical punishment. …" @default.
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- W86246114 date "2013-05-01" @default.
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- W86246114 title "School Psychological Counselors' Perceptions about Child Abuse and Negligence: A Case Study in Turkey1" @default.
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