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• W8625541 abstract "This essay requires neither the New Cultural History nor Subaltern Studies to ferret out its subject's means of participation. The success of Cuban organized labor during the 1940s-50s was so notable that its members may not be classified as subalterns, or participants in alternative forms of struggle. Their claims making was of a traditional kind and highly successful. While populist regimes attempted to coopt them, Cuban workers demanded and obtained noteworthy gains, usually through the medium of the Ministry of Labor, without accepting cooptation. The Cuban case differed from the Latin American norm, first, in the high percentage of the work force and of agricultural workers who were organized. By the early 1940s one-third of Cuba's workers were unionized, and half the membership was in agriculture. During the 1950s, half of labor was organized, perhaps the highest percentage ever achieved anywhere! Secondly, Cuban labor leaders of all camps proved successful at securing gains and tended to harness labor militancy, practicing what Efren Cordova has called results-oriented syndicalism.(1) There was a striking lack of ideological commitment, despite the Communist Party's central role.(2) Organized Labor's persistent advances were facilitated, in part, by the periodic adjustment of prices and quotas for sugar sales to the U.S. which commenced in 1934.(3) Free market export of sugar probably would not have allowed such wage and benefit increases, which actually out paced the rising cost of living in the 1940s. First, let us summarize the backdrop for our story. Populist governments of the 1930s granted workers new rights but sought to control them.(4) During World War II, the Cuban state secured a no-strike pledge but allowed wages to rise. Victory by the Allies unleashed new demands from labor and a violent struggle ensued for control of organized labor in Cuba, where, unlike much of Latin America, labor militancy persisted after the anti-Communist purges of 1947-48. And yet there was no serious union resistance to the return to dictatorship in 1952, and little union support for rebellion in the late 1950s. Why was that the case? How did labor come to be so organized, enjoy such success, and miss the revolution? The study of Cuba may also provide a test case for Charles Bergquist's argument that Latin American workers in the export sector had considerable influence on political outcomes in monocultural export environments.(5) Labor organization in Cuba advanced under Anarcho-syndicalists until they were driven underground in the late 1920s by the Machado dictatorship. In 1925 communist groups created the National Confederation of Cuban Workers (CNOC), and founded the Communist Party of Cuba.(6) State anti-anarchist actions and the Great Depression aided the rise of a Communist labor leadership in 1931.(7) During the Depression, which hit Cuba's export-dependent agriculture hard, workers lacked trade union rights and Machado's hostile dictatorship survived longer than its Latin American counterparts. In 1933, the CNOC, devastated by the collapse of sugar exports, launched work stoppages, culminating in a general strike. Machado persuaded the CNOC's Communist leadership to call a halt, but they no longer controlled their members. In August, when commerce and industry joined the workers, Machado resigned.(8) There followed Latin America's only successful coup by a student-enlisted men's alliance, and Cuba's first revolutionary nationalist/nativist government resulted, lasting just 100 days.(9) Its list of significant labor measures included creation of a Ministry of Labor; the eight-hour day; repatriation of foreign agricultural workers; compulsory arbitration of disputes; a weekly compensated rest period; the requirements that all union officials be native-born and that 50% of workers in each firm be Cuban; an improved industrial accident law; payment in legal tender; and a minimum wage. …" @default.
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• W8625541 date "1997-04-01" @default.
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• W8625541 title "Cuba's Organized Labor, from Depression to Cold War" @default.
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