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• W86296051 abstract "Author: By Victor Topolyansky ... The Genoa conference in history of diplomacy and in Soviet folklore ... Anniversaries at times remind one of musical compositions. Some of them are regularly performed by orchestras while others are hardly recalled even by diplomaed music experts. inglorious anniversary of international Genoa conference was gradually forgotten in this way. It was convened in spring of 1922 to discuss ways of economic restoration of Europe after First World War. ... The prelude ... Energetic preparations for conference began in winter of 1922. diplomatic activity of countries invited to it increased right away together value of information about plans of ruling circles of Britain and France, main organizers of conference alone. strange robbery of mail train which left Paris on evening of February 5 was usually explained by this circumstance. Having gotten inside train at night, unknown robbers stole contents of 34 parcels. As many as 30 of them contained documents and numerous letters sent and received by Britain's Foreign Office. ... While Western press discussed for several days who stood to gain this crime and inclined to think that it was committed with participation of Bolshevik agents, Lenin was looking for optimum ways to deal his internal enemies - Russian intellectuals. Overcoming headaches and twinges of neuralgia, he sometimes thought about his external enemies - Western democrats. On February 10, not seeing any benefit for his dictatorship and world revolution from forthcoming conference, he wrote a top secret note to Georgy Chicherin, then people's commissar for foreign affairs. It contained instructions for Soviet delegation: The wrecking of Genoa conference would be advantageous to us.... Adroit manoeuvres should be devised so that conference is wrecked by someone else.... We must accidentally push it as if falls. ... To carry out Lenin's directive, Bolsheviks prepared several original tricks. At April 10 sitting of Genoa conference, Chicherin, head of Soviet delegation, tried to filibuster by going on and on about need for disarmament. But he stopped after a flat objection made by head of French delegation. brief debate on disarmament was closed by British prime-minister Lloyd George, who said conference should not deviate from its programme and grow into something global, ethereal, noble and lofty but extremely protracted. ... Quickly cutting short first manoeuvre of Bolsheviks, delegates focused on problem formulated in emigrant press a year earlier: The beauty of a debt is its payment, but Krasin does not agree to Western experts drew up a memorandum stating their main demands. Soviet leadership had to ensure freedom of action for industrial enterprises; recognize financial obligations of previous Russian governments; compensate for losses borne by foreign owners as a result of nationalization of their property; give certain guarantees to foreign citizens working in Soviet state such as free trade, respect for treaties, abolition of censorship, and preservation of human rights. ... The Soviet delegation advanced principle of offsetting counterclaims. It was formulated by Maxim Litvinov, then deputy people's commissar for foreign affairs, at April 15 sitting of conference. According to modest estimates of Bolshevik experts, he said, the allies owe us 35 billion gold roubles. debt will be 15 billion gold roubles more if we add Bessarabia which was torn away from Russia by Entente and given to Romania. total sum is 50 billion. ... Shortly afterwards Litvinov found nonstandard grounds for recovering imagined debt from Russia's former allies. He explained his point of view in an interview given to Western correspondents on Apirl 19: The vanquished must pay victor. Such is law established by bourgeois governments, not by us.... Britain and France, using Kolchak, Yudenich and Wrangel as their weapons, fought a war against us, and lost it. As we agreed you, vanquished must pay. shocked journalists wondered whether Litvinov was joking or talking seriously. For a more adequate understanding of situation they should have put question in a different way. A purely historical phenomenon lay behind this shameless demagogy - need to put blame for their actions and crimes on other states. ... The next Soviet official to distinguish himself was Christian Rakovsky, head of Ukrainian government. At a sitting of expert commission on April 25 he demanded that all Russia's property abroad should be transferred to Soviet government. Asked by one expert why Bolsheviks had not returned property of foreign citizens or compensated for it but insisted on holding entire property of Russian Empire, Rakovsky replied: The Soviet government does not recognize right of property while you recognize it, and" @default.
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• W86296051 date "2002-08-01" @default.
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• W86296051 title "Past and Present. THE BATTLE OF GOLD CIGARETTE CASES" @default.
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