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- W866410879 abstract "Playgrounds with spaces that attract children increase the likelihood children will use them, the authors note, and playgrounds offer an opportunity for children to experience the risks of outdoor play. The authors used natural observation to study the children at play in a newly built New Zealand playground where such an important kind of behavioral learning was possible. In five-minute intervals over 615 minutes, they observed children of various ages and genders using the playground equipment. They discovered that swinging, spinning, and climbing-all at speeds and heights that made them risky-were the most popular activities overall for children. They discuss the important implications of these and their other findings for playground designers and for those worried about the decreasing time children spend playing outdoors. Key words: children, children's play preferences; playgrounds, safe play, risky playOUTDOOR PLAY OFFERS children unique physical, psychological, and social development opportunities (Clements 2004; Little and Eager 2010). The special equipment and open space available on outdoor playgrounds permit active play (Stephenson 2002; Trawick-Smith 2010), which has benefits for children's health and well-being. Children who attend schools with larger outdoor areas have lower body-mass indexes than those whose outdoor areas are smaller (Ozdemir and Yilmaz 2008). Being physically active outdoors increases oxygen intake, which aids the growth of muscles and neuromuscular coordination and assists sleep and relaxation (Adesina 2012).Additionally, outdoor play fosters more interaction with peers than indoor play (Trawick-Smith 2010). Playgrounds provide a meeting space open to all children. It is easier for children to join groups outdoors, which makes the groups in general bigger and more fluid (Stephenson 2002). Outdoor areas present opportunities for greater variability, unpredictability, and open-endedness in children's play, giving them a sense of freedom (Stephenson 2002). Opportunities to swing, climb, slide, run . . . provide a satisfying range of physical challenges (Stephenson 2003, 40). Once learned, many of the benefits of outdoor play, such as physical risk taking and learning to accept challenges, generalize to indoor settings (Little and Wyver 2008).Children's participation in safe outdoor play proves particularly impor- tant in urbanized areas (Clements 2004; Little and Eager 2010). Mothers from sixteen different countries reported that, although their children spent most of their free time watching television, they were happiest when playing outside at playgrounds or parks (Singer et al. 2009).To design playgrounds that attract children, we must determine the kinds of play children prefer, yet rarely do we consult them (Thomson 2007), despite the fact that we know children have different views about the spaces they inhabit than do adults (Matthews 1998). In our study, therefore, we investigate whether the play provided by a newly built playground in a small town in North Island, New Zealand, attracted the children for whom it was built.One aspect of public playgrounds that may attract children is the poten- tial for risk. Risk occurs when individuals make choices about behaviors with uncertain outcomes (Little and Eager 2010), such as engaging in play that may result in (Stephenson, 2003). In fact, Sandseter (2009) defines risky play for children as thrilling and exciting forms of play that involve a risk of physical injury (3). Others distinguish risk from hazard, a situation involving a source of harm that has a high probability of causing serious or death (Little and Eager 2010; Stephenson 2003). A playground may present both risks and hazards. For example, a slide affords a risk represented by height that children may choose to take. A slide may also present a hazard, for example from over- heating, that a child cannot easily choose to avoid. Thus, children understand a risk, which they may choose or not, but they have difficulty assessing a hazard, which will almost certainly to lead to (Greenfield 2003). …" @default.
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- W866410879 date "2014-04-01" @default.
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- W866410879 title "A Behavioral Investigation of Preference in a Newly Designed New Zealand Playground." @default.
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