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• W874355874 endingPage "184" @default.
• W874355874 startingPage "131" @default.
• W874355874 abstract "The prevalence of allergy and allergic asthma is increasing worldwide. More than half of the US population has a positive skin prick test and approximately 10% are asthmatics, which is evidence of the growing prevalence of allergy in industrialized countries. The immune response to any infection or environmental antigen is a tightly regulated process, which normally results in protection and tolerance. However, in allergic disease, the activated immune response results in a chronic proinflammatory state characterized by antibody secretion (immunoglobulin E, IgE) and T-cell activation by normally well-tolerated antigens. T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic responses. T-cell receptor engagement by antigenic peptides alone is not sufficient to drive the activation of naive T cells and requires a second costimulatory signal. Costimulatory molecules are responsible for second signals that induce T-cell activation and proliferation. The best-characterized costimulatory pathways include CD80/CD86 interacting with CD28/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4). The positive signals induced by these costimulatory molecules are counter-balanced by other members of the costimulatory family, including CTLA-4, programmed death (PD)-1, and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), which dampen immune responses. Depending on the type of molecules involved, this secondary signal can promote the development of an inflammatory allergic reaction or may favor immune regulation. Several molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family (OX40, CD30, 4-1BB, Fas, CD27, CD40) and B7 family (CD80, CD86, PD-1, ICOS, CTLA-4) play an important role in delivering costimulatory signals in early and late phases of allergic response. Currently, the treatments of allergic disease are focused on the suppression of key inflammatory mediators or inflammatory cell populations and include anti-histamines, anti-leukotrienes, β2-adrenergic receptor agonists, and corticosteroids. However, these approaches only provide a temporary suppression of disease symptoms. Successful long-term treatment can only be provided by allergen-specific immunotherapy, which restores normal immunity against allergens. Therefore, costimulatory molecules involved in promotion or prevention of allergic immune responses are potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. This chapter aims to recapitulate the influence of costimulatory signals on allergic responses and to summarize our current understanding of the relationship between allergic diseases." @default.
• W874355874 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W874355874 creator A5079529210 @default.
• W874355874 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W874355874 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W874355874 title "Costimulation Immunotherapy in Allergies and Asthma" @default.
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