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• W880696365 abstract "IntroductionCitizenship, belonging, and globalization impact each other to a significant extent, and in the process the meanings and concepts of citizenship and belonging become more varied and challenging. This paper examines the fragmentary, flexible, and context-related meaning of globalization; the impact of globalization on the local cultures, as reflected in the linguistic exchanges and overt and/or covert gendered performances of the local cultures in Peshawar valley; and illustrates the meaning(s) of citizenship and belonging as it emerges through a nexus of language, gender, and globalization. Drawing on ethnographic methods and a combination of theoretic paradigms, the paper explicates how interpellation, through various ideological state apparatuses, establishes the respective citizen/gendered subject-positioning(s) of people. It analyses the linguistics markers which clearly indicate the effects of globalization on these local cultures and how they in turn position themselves with reference to gender, belonging, and citizenship. Furthermore, the phenomenon of assemblages and territorialisation (Collier and Ong, 2005) substantiates various aspects of belonging and citizenship when global meets local or vice versa. These subject-positions, their respective gender/sexual performance(s), and voice(s) require a careful interpretation according to the linguistic, spatial, and temporal contexts as well. The paper demonstrates that citizenship, belonging, and globalization are vitally connected; they impact each other on several levels; and in turn forms, re-forms, and/or transforms gendered subject-positions and their respective notions of citizenship and belonging.Field sites, Respondents, and MethodologyThe Peshawar Valley consists of four districts, Peshawar, Charsadda, Mardan and Nowshera. However, the study was restricted to only two sites, Peshawar and Charsadda, Peshawar being the capital city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan and Charsadda being a rural city, one of the major agricultural districts of KP, about 17 miles northeast of Peshawar.A total of seven respondents, native speakers of Pashto, were involved in the study, three from Charsadda, all women, and four from Peshawar, two men and two women, ages 38 and above. The selection of respondents was based on snow ball, stratified sampling, considering variables like age, sex, education, exposure to the media, and travel experience. The participants were multilingual, speaking Pashto, Urdu, English, some having good proficiency in Urdu and English. The mode of data collection included semi-structured interviews of approximately 30-60 minutes duration/respondent.The method of analysis was based on a combination of theoretical models that examine linguistic clues which help in shaping and deciphering respondents' notions of citizenship and belonging with particular reference to the effect of globalization on them. In order to do this, I first explain how the Ideological State Apparatus (ISA) interpellates or hails (Althusser, 1971) work and achieve subject-position; second, how these respondents react or have reacted to the process of recognition (Pxcheux, 1982) as good subjects by accepting the hailed positions; as bad subjects by rejecting the hailed positions or as the not-so-bad/good subjects by dis-identifying the hailed position(s), thus, forming their respective citizen/sexual subject-position(s). Once a subject-position is established, the linguistic markers demonstrate the effects of globalization on local subjectivities, especially through IS As. Third, the effect of globalization on local subjects is further explained by the model of global assemblages and territorialization (Collier and Ong, 2005). Along with Collier and Ong's model for re-formation/transformation of subject-position(s) due to globalization, Ong's (1999) and Gaudio's (2009) examples of the flexible citizenship and cultural citizenship, respectively, further substantiate various citizenship standpoints when global meets local and vice versa. …" @default.
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• W880696365 date "2014-08-01" @default.
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• W880696365 title "Citizenship and Belonging as a Nexus of Language, Gender and Globalisation: A Study of the Pakhtuns of Peshawar & Charsadda" @default.
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