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- W883986206 abstract "Introduction Face analysis had been quite important in studies of healthrelated concerns (O’Callaghan et al 1991; Lohr et al 1997; Hammond et al 2001; McGrath et al 2002). While there are studies that show minor anomalies occuring in normal human populations at low frequencies, deviations from normal values can be indicative of a health problem (Hammond et al 2001; McGrath et al 2002). Studies on craniofacial anthropometry have allowed for identification and quantification of syndromic clinical features, treatment planning, monitoring of operative outcomes, and assessment of longitudinal change (Deutsch & Farkas 1994; Farkas & Deutsch, 1996). Anthropometric studies on the face had been limited to measurement using traditional instruments (e.g., sliding and spreading calipers) during an examination (Douglas 2004). Landmarks have been used in qualifying cranial variation like measuring and comparing linear, angular and surface contours and proportions in people. For many years 47 landmark points were identified to describe the face (Farkas 1996; Douglas et al 2003; Douglas 2004). While direct anthropometric measurements are reliable and inexpensive to make, it is labor-intensive, time-consuming and requires on-site expertise especially those requiring serial measurements of those abnormalities in craniofacial disorders that undergo changes in time (Deutsch & Mulliken, 2001; Mulliken et al 2001). To minimize these concerns, the use of computer-based techniques to capture craniofacial surface images including advances in computational biology and image analysis and several other methods were explored to minimize the problems of conventional anthropometric measurements (Turk & Pentland 1991; Craw et al 1992; Yang & Huang 1994; Lanitis et al 1995; Kjeldsen & Kender 1996; Rowley et al 1998; Schneiderman & Kanade 1998; Yang et al 2002; Grayson et al 1988; Al-Omari et al 2005). Of these, the new method of ‘geometric morphometrics’ (GM), an adaptation of multivariate statistics and graphics for study of phenotypic variation proved to be useful for detection of form changes and is very useful in understanding shape variations in living organisms thus we used it for studying hypertensive women. Since edema is also closely linked with hypertension, and because the accumulation of an excessive amount of body fluid in the tissue spaces between cells or in body cavities are noticeable in the overall physical appearance of the individual especially the face (Stephan et al 2005), the changes to the faces of hypertensives caused by edema will be described using GM methods." @default.
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- W883986206 date "2012-01-01" @default.
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- W883986206 title "Describing the shape of the face of hypertensive and non-hypertensive adult females using geometric morphometric analysis." @default.
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