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• W89339845 abstract "Freedom is the oxygen without which science cannot breathe. --David Sarnoff, Chairman of RCA(1) I. INTRODUCTION On February 22, 1997, the researchers at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh shocked the scientific community as well as the world by unveiling the first clone of an adult animal from differentiated cell.(2) Their seven-month old sheep, Dolly, was created from an adult mammary gland cell.(3) Although successful nuclear transplantation (cloning) was first reported in 1952, all of the experiments involved undifferentiated embryonic cells.(4) Scientists considered it impossible use the same techniques differentiated cells from an adult animal.(5) After many failed experiments, a generation of researchers believed that differentiated animal cells could not be reprogrammed develop into a new animal.(6) Dr. Ian Wilmut, leader of the Roslin research team, and his colleagues proved conventional wisdom wrong. The theory behind Dr. Wilmut's technique is that all body cells contain the exact same genetic information as the initial fertilized egg cell (or embryo).(7) As an embryo develops, parts of the genetic message switch off through the process of differentiation.(8) This causes the cell become a specific tissue or organ (the cell is now considered be differentiated).(9) Dr. Wilmut's trick was make the DNA of the differentiated donor cell act like the DNA of a sperm or unfertilized egg.(10) He and his team starved the mammary cell into a dormant stage by reducing the nutrient-laden serum the cell,(11) which made it capable of duplicating the entire organism (like an undifferentiated cell).(12) An electrical current was then administered which caused the starved mammary cell fuse, in a process called renucleation, with an unfertilized egg from which the nucleus had previously been removed through enucleation.(13) The resulting embryo was then implanted into a surrogate mother and brought term.(14) Dolly became an exact genetic duplicate (a clone, or twin) of the mammary cell donor.(15) However, her long-term health is still an uncertainty because her cells may act like the cells of a sheep six years older--the age difference between Dolly and her mother.(16) When asked about the applications of this new technology, Dr. Wilmut told Britain's Press Association news agency it would be used to produce more health care products. It will enable us study genetic diseases for which there is presently no cure and track down the mechanisms that are involved.(17) Cloning technology, in general, holds the promise of tremendous benefits in agriculture and medicine,(18) and could help save endangered species such as the Hairy Nosed Wombat and China's Giant Panda.(19) Medical advances include revolutionary medical treatments and life-saving cures for diseases such as cancer, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and emphysema.(20) It can also further understanding of developmental biology and allow physicians repair and regenerate human tissue in burn victims and those suffering from spinal cord injuries.(21) One medical application relates tissue and organ transplants.(22) There is a greater medical need of transplantable organs than is currently available from any source.(23) It is possible using cloning techniques grow a replacement organ with the same genetic make-up of the patient receive it.(24) If organs are derived from the person in whom they will ultimately be transplanted, immune rejections of the implant would be prevented.(25) Although scientists have been able clone animals since the 1950's, Dolly represents two important breakthroughs. Scientifically, she proves that differentiated cells can be turned back on and induced grow into a complete animal.(26) Douglas Foster, an animal science professor at the University of Minnesota, said the event was mind-boggling because everybody thought you could never de-differentiate cells. …" @default.
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• W89339845 title "International response to Dolly: will scientific freedom get sheared?" @default.
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