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• W8935757 abstract "[1] To find work as a flight attendant in the 1960s took more than affability, patience, good looks and an openness to travel. While all these traits were certainly essential, there were also more pernicious criteria that this field rife with discrimination. African Americans were only reluctantly hired at the time, thanks to the work of the NAACP and the New York State Commission on Human Rights in the late 1950s. Beyond race, the women who took these jobs were subjected to all sorts of unfair treatment as well. Most airlines refused to hire married women and forced stewardesses to resign if they chose to marry while working. Even those stewardesses fortunate enough to keep their jobs while married risked termination upon pregnancy. Finally, many airlines also forced their female flight attendants to retire at the age of 32 or 35. As a result, women remained as flight attendants only two-and-a-half years on average, with up to 80% of the flight attendant corps at certain airlines resigning or being dismissed in any given year. (Barry 366) All of this discrimination was calculated by the airlines to make the flight attendant synonymous with female appeal. This orchestrated regime of hiring and firing engineered a reality that was meant to seem organic and natural to airline customers. One airline industry representative testified in 1967 to what they hoped was now commonly accepted: Anyone who has ever been on an airplane and anyone who has ever seen an airplane knows that this is a girl's job ... a young and pretty girl's (EEOC Transcript 202) [2] This essay considers yet another aspect of the very same discriminatory practices that the sexy stewardess the normative model of service in the air: the homophobic campaign on the part of airlines, in tandem with the media, to keep men out of the job. Stewards had actually been on the job since the very beginning of commercial air travel in the late 1920s, with airlines such as Eastern and Pan American choosing to hire only men up until the labor shortages of World War II. Yet, the more the airlines tied their fortunes to the appeal of their stewardesses, the more out of place these men became. The gender segregation established in 1950s America--the same one that forced Rosie the Riveter back home to her husband and kids--increasingly deemed the steward incapable of providing the doting emotional and service-oriented (i.e., womanly) work required aboard a plane. [3] Meanwhile, the steward encountered ever more homophobic ridicule, labeled as a man potentially interested sexually in other men. This notion was only solidified when an Eastern Airlines steward, William Simpson, was gunned down by two male prostitutes in a hookup-turned-robbery on Miami's Lovers Lane in early August 1954. When 19-year-old Charles Lawrence confessed to Simpson's murder and implicated his accomplice, Richard Killen, in the plot, he also began a homophobic witch hunt in the city by attributing blame for the incident on Simpson, who made advances and offered me money, and tried to assault me. (Collier) Well documented is the fact that the Simpson scandal escalated the homophobic pitch in the city to new heights. The local press called for greater vigilance against the corrupting influence of sex deviates (by which they meant Simpson, not his teenage murderers), while the police and politicians orchestrated a months-long sting operation designed to close gay bars and clean up gay beaches. (Fejes) Less known is the impact the Simpson murder had on the flight attendant corps. Quietly, and beyond the scrutinizing eye of the media, Eastern Airlines cut back on its hiring of stewards as a result of the negative publicity, reducing new male hires to a trickle that completely stopped in 1958. Simpson's murder and his subsequent vilification in the Miami press thereby represented the death knell of the male flight attendant, as the other main source of jobs for stewards, Pan Am, stopped hiring men at virtually the same time. …" @default.
• W8935757 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W8935757 date "2007-06-01" @default.
• W8935757 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W8935757 title "Male Stewardesses: Male Flight Attendants as a Queer Miscarriage of Justice" @default.
• W8935757 hasPublicationYear "2007" @default.
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