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- W8962652 abstract "Exploration for and production of energy sources, disrupting the natural hydrologic cycle, have caused major contamination of surface and ground waters in the United States. Contamination potential is high for oil and gas, which currently supply about 65% of the total USA energy, because of the large amounts of saline formation water produced during drilling and petroleum production. In 1993, more than 25x109 bbl of wastes were produced with 2.5x109 bbl of crude oil, 18x1012 ft3 of gas and from about 26,000 wells drilled. Water salinities of produced water range from about 3,000 to more than 350,000 mg/L dissolved solids. Chloride and sodium generally comprise 70-90% of ions, and concentrations of calcium, iron, manganese, boron and dissolved organics are generally high. Hazardous concentrations of radium-226, radium-228 and radon-222 have recently been found in wastes from several states. About 65% of produced water is reinjected for enhanced oil recovery. Deep well injection into saline aquifers accounts for about 30%; the remaining waste is discharged into surface waters. Prior to the regulations instituted in the 1970s, petroleum wastes were often discharged into rivers, streams and unlined evaporation ponds causing major contamination in all the producing states. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, currently supplying about 25% of the total USA energy. Water salinities in coal beds generally range from 500 to 5,000 mg/L. Coal beds are drained prior to mining and most of the water is used for mine operations, but some is released to surface water causing stream pollution. The main environmental concerns of coal production, however, are the acid mine drainage and sediment erosion and deposition that have resulted in major degradation of streams, especially in the Appalachian region. Finally, water contamination from nuclear fission and geothermal energy sources are minor." @default.
- W8962652 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W8962652 date "2021-07-09" @default.
- W8962652 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W8962652 title "Environmental degradation associated with exploration for and production of energy sources in USA" @default.
- W8962652 doi "https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203734049-6" @default.
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