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• W90125862 abstract "The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair--A History of Fifty Years of Independence by Martin Meredith. New York: Public Affairs, 2006. 752 pp. [ILLUSTRATION 1 OMITTED] Explaining a False Start Fifty-one years ago this year, delegations from fifty-six countries arrived in Accra to witness the rebirth of the British crown colony of the Gold Coast as the newly independent state of Ghana, the firstborn of what would soon be a veritable wave of nearly four dozen African nations which would achieve political independence in the space of a few years. The Duchess of Kent represented her niece, Queen Elizabeth II, while Vice President Richard Nixon stood in President Dwight Eisenhower who broadcasted a special radio message, congratulating Ghanaians and expressing his particular admiration [for] the manner in which you attained your while emphasizing that he spoke for a people that cherishes independence, which we deeply believe is the right of all people who are able to discharge its (Heger 1999: 257). On March 6, 1957, few doubted that Ghana, and the states which would follow in its wake, would be able to discharge the responsibilities they assumed on taking their place among the world's sovereigns. As Martin Meredith notes in The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair--A History of Fifty Years of Independence, his monumental survey of the postcolonial history of the continent, rarely are states launched with as much promise as this West African country: Ghana embarked on independence as one of the richest tropical countries in the world, with an efficient civil service, an impartial judiciary and a prosperous middle class. Its parliament was well established, with able politicians in both government and opposition. The prime minister, himself, then only forty-seven years old, was regarded as a leader of outstanding ability, popularly elected, with six years of experience running a government. The country's economic prospects were equally propitious. Not only was Ghana the world's leading producer of cocoa, with huge foreign currency reserves built up during the 1950s cocoa boom, but it possessed gold, timber and bauxite. (27) Were one to have examined Ghana's economic indicators in comparison with those of, say, South Korea, the African nation evinced better prospects hands down. At the very moment the departing British governor, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, bequeathed Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah an unprecedented $481 million in foreign reserves, South Korea's Syngman Rhee was presiding over a nearly bankrupt country eking out an existence on U.S. aid, having endured the thirty-five years of brutal Japanese occupation--in contrast to which the eighty-three year history of British rule in the Gold Coast colony was positively benign--only to subsequently suffer a devastating conventional war fought in its cities and countryside, which concluded in a military stalemate and armistice just four years earlier. In both aggregate and per capita terms, the gross domestic product of the Republic of Korea was lower than that of Ghana in 1957, with few prospects improvement given the near-total lack of exploitable natural resources on the Northeast Asian peninsula. Yet half a century later, South Korea boasts the world's thirteenth largest economy and is considered highly developed, ranking twenty-sixth on the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), while Ghana, with its original endowment and all the natural bounty at its disposal, just barely makes the cut to qualify as a medium developed nation, ranking 136th out of 177 countries surveyed (UNDP 2007). Even with its underwhelming economic performance, Ghana is far from the worst off among African nations--in all fairness, after a disastrous few decades marred by military coups and statist economic mismanagement, it has slowly, but steadily, turned itself around since the restoration of constitutional rule in the 1990s, making up lost time through astonishingly rapid social, economic, and political progress. …" @default.
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• W90125862 title "What Happened to Africa" @default.
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