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• W910652150 abstract "At present, criticism of Native American literature is at a point where a recently dominant nationalist perspective, and a newly prominent transnationalist perspective have encountered each other somewhat uneasily. Also emerging more fully is what has been called a trans-indigenist approach. A comparative version of perspective I earlier called indigenist (Krupat 2002), this has, as yet, few proponents in U.S. Meanwhile, cosmopolitanism, an older perspective, has been newly revised and reconsidered. These four perspectives-different critical emphases, one might call them-can in some or even substantial degree be consistent with and/or complementary to one another, in much same way as I had claimed nationalism, indigenism, and cosmopolitanism could be. The full title of Maximillian Forte's edited book, Indigenous Cosmopolitanisms: Transnational and Transcultural Indigeneity in Twenty-first Century, for example, pulls all of this together. It indicates, this is to say, that at this point in twentyfirst some forms of indigeneity are usefully looked at transnationally while others are perhaps better treated transculturally, or trans-indigenously. It's also case that either or both of these perspectives-transnational, transcultural-accord well with varieties of rooted or grounded cosmopolitanisms, even, on occasion, with twenty-first critical nationalisms of sort that Sean Teuton called realism (2008), and Scott Lyons has termed realist (2010). I'll trace some of these critical developments over past thirty years or so, making no claim whatever fully to cover field.IIn 1981, Acoma poet and short story writer, Simon Ortiz published Towards a National Indian Literature: Authenticity in Nationalism. Ortiz's concept of was not based upon-it did not even use-the term sovereignty, a term that would become central to nationalist criticism in U.S. Ortiz's understanding of nationalism began with a consideration of socio-political condition of Native American peoples, an ongoing colonial situation that needed to be contested by politics of what he called cultural authenticity. Cultural authenticity for Ortiz had little in common with anthropological accounts of culture nor did it involve a nostalgia for an imagined pre-contact past. Rather, culture was to be found in a broadly-conceived tradition that persists and changes; and it is the struggle against colonialism, as he wrote, has given substance to what is authentic (256). This resistance-political, armed, spiritual-...has been carried out by oral tradition (257). Ortiz's essay was reprinted as an important foundational document at conclusion of American Indian Literary Nationalism, published in 2006 and marking a culminating moment for nationalist critical position, as I'll further note below.In 1985, Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, along with Roger Buffalohead, Beatrice Medicine, and William Willard, founded Wicazo Sa Review. Cook-Lynn tirelessly exhorted Native American novelists and their critics to examine meaningfulness of indigenous or tribal sovereignty in twentieth century (85). As Shari Huhndorf would later note in Literature and Politics of Native American Studies, a wide-ranging review of Native literary criticism, because sovereignty pivots on question of who controls Native communities, its extension to academic work, for Cook-Lynn and other critics, raise[d] issue of who should represent and to whom these scholars should write (1621). What Huhndorf called the issue of who should represent field is indicative of political nature of critical discourse, something Ortiz's essay had also noted. For a time-at least through nineteen nineties- critical or discursive politics would increasingly foreground issue of degree to which Native literary, critical, and political sovereignty did or did not require subordination-if not quite total exclusion-of non-Native representations. …" @default.
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• W910652150 date "2013-01-01" @default.
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• W910652150 title "Nationalism, Transnationalism, Trans-Indigenism, Cosmopolitanism: Four Perspectives on Native American Literatures" @default.
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