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• W916175064 abstract "byStephen M. Kosslyn, William L. Thompson, and Giorgio Ganisdate: 2035 CElocation: a design officeThe designer looked at the screen and watched the child's memory of being sick. I'm sorry to ask you this, but think of diarrhea again please, she said. The toilet shimmered into view briefly followed by transparent wavy lines. The designer noted the lines, then replayed the other children's memory and noted that 67% of them included shimmering, wavy lines to represent smell. Thank that's all I needed. You've really helped me design this icon, she said.Paul Rand once said that communication design is about saying the com- monplace In an uncommonplace way.(Rand, 1970, p. 36) This suggests that effective communication Is essentially enhancing the familiar. For visual communication design, this means creating unique Images that will connect In predictable ways with the images people already hold their minds. From this perspective, the whole user-centered design movement is a cultivation of means for designers knowing, not just assuming, the mental Images people have. Stephen Kosslyn, William L. Thompson, and Giorgio Ganis' The Case for Mental Imagery (Kosslyn, Thompson, & Ganis, 2006, p. 4) gives designers an accurate glimpse into how mental images work.MENTAL IMAGESThe plausibility of the fictional design office above hinges on the answer to a debate that has raged for at least decades, perhaps centuries: do we see mental images or not? According to Kosslyn,Thompson, and Ganis,A mental image occurs when a representation of the type created during the Initial stages of perception is present but the stimulus is not actually being perceived. Mental imagery is seeing what Is not there, not an Illusion or a mirage, but seeing our mind something familiar and then perhaps using that mental image to think with or solve a problem. We might experience this by answering this question: how many windows face the street In your house or apartment? Given this task most people gaze blankly for a second or two as they push into memory an image of their house and then briefly count the windows the image. Kosslyn et. al. cite similar questions such as Do you know which is darker green, a frozen pea or a pine tree? Or the hand which the Statue of Liberty holds the torch examples where people use mental imagery.Belief that this phenomena exists are not new. The authors briefly note that thinkers from the classic Greeks to Einstein claimed to use mental images in memory, problem solving, creativity, emotion, and language comprehension. However, introspective experiences are notoriously difficult to study, easy to refute, and thus ripe territory for endless debate. Kosslyn, Thompson, and Ganis use Chapters 2 and 3 to detail the debate, Chapter 4 to marshal empirical findings from a broad range of cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists order to settle the debate, and Chapter 5 to articulate a well-founded theory of mental imagery.The theory articulated the book is based on the process of visual perception which it describes. The eye is just the start of a process that occupies much of the brain. In fact, approximately 50% of the cerebral cortex is devoted to visual processing. The brain is not like a general-purpose computer with generic processing capacity to which are downloaded different problems for analysis. Rather, the brain is like a special purpose device with different neurons different regions hard-wired to accomplish specific tasks. Vision isone of the brain's largest tasks. In visual perception a huge volume of sensations are processed and reduced to simpler more organized forms. It's as if individual camera pixels are processed for simple features then structured into units that correspond to distinct objects and key properties that define and distinguish those objects from each other. Kosslyn and his colleagues propose that we can reverse this process and push the abstracted memory of a visual object backward onto the brain's early visual processing areas and there mentally re-construct a representation of something. …" @default.
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• W916175064 date "2014-09-01" @default.
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• W916175064 title "The Case for Mental Imagery" @default.
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