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- W918940601 abstract "Tree species can influence soil properties, processes and related soil functions. Whilst differences between conifers and deciduous tree species in affecting soils properties and functions have frequently been reported, the influence of different deciduous tree species in mixed stands on soil processes and ecosystem biogeochemistry is rarely understood. Therefore, a temperate deciduous forest with differing beech abundance and tree species diversity was investigated regarding acidity, nutrient stocks and organic matter content as well as nitrogen (N) transformations in the soil and the soil sink strength for atmospheric methane (CH4). The aim was to analyze the key factors that determine the spatial variability of these soil properties and processes in a deciduous mixed forest and to elucidate the influence of beech abundance on soil properties and functions. For that purpose, stands were selected in the Hainich National Park in Central Germany with i) European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as dominant tree species (diversity level 1, DL1), with ii) beech, ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and lime (Tilia cordata Mill. and/or T. platyphyllos Scop.) (DL2) and with iii) beech, ash, lime, hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L. and/or A. platanoides L.) (DL3). All stands had a long-term forest history and a high proportion of mature trees. They experienced similar climatic conditions, as they are found growing on the same geological substrates (loess (60-120 cm) which is underlain by limestone), and the soil type was a Luvisol which showed stagnic properties during winter. In these stands the production and composition of the litterfall, soil acidity, exchangeable nutrients, and the amount and the distribution of soil organic matter in the humus layer and in the mineral soil (0-30 cm) were investigated. Three stands (each with 6 subplots) with different beech abundance were selected to analyze stand N stocks and N turnover, net and gross rates of N transformation in the mineral soil and N losses via N2O emissions as well as the relationships amongst N pools and fluxes. The sink strength of the soil for atmospheric CH4 was measured over two years in these stands with closed chambers and the main controls of the spatial and temporal variability of the net CH4 exchange were determined.Litter production was similar in all stands (3.2 to 3.9 Mg dry mass ha-1 yr-1). The amount of Ca and Mg input via litterfall increased with decreasing beech abundance and increasing tree species diversity (47 to 88 kg Ca ha-1 yr-1; 3.8 to 7.9 kg Mg ha-1 yr-1). The pH and base saturation in the upper 30 cm of the mineral soil were smaller under beech than in mixed stands (pH: 4.2-4.4 vs. 5.1-6.5, BS: 15-20% vs. 80-100%). The quantities of exchangeable Al and Mn were highest under beech. The stocks of Ca and Mg in the upper 30 cm of the mineral soil were 12-15 and 4 13 times higher in mixed stands than in beech stands, respectively. The accumulation of organic carbon in the humus layer was highest in beech stands. The annual N input via tree leaf litter (21 to 51 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and the N storage in the upper mineral soil (800-1500 kg N ha-1) increased with decreasing beech abundance. Litter N turnover was faster in the mixed stands than beech stands, with the mean apparent residence time of N in the organic surface layer being 2-4 years and 13 years, respectively. Net rates were not different between stands. Gross N mineralization increased from 2.4 to 7.0 mg N kg 1 d-1 with decreasing beech abundance. Five to fourteen percent of the produced NH4+-N was nitrified. Both processes were closely correlated with microbial biomass which in turn correlated with N input via leaf litter and litter C:N ratio as well as with the N stocks in the upper mineral soil and base saturation. N2O emission rates were generally low in all stands except for a frost period in 2006 with strongly increased emissions which accounted for 46% to 94% of the annual N2O loss. The mean cumulative N2O emission decreased with the abundance of beech. It was highest at the DL3 stand (0.39±0.21 kg N2O-N ha-1 a-1) and lowest at the DL1 stand (0.10±0.11 kg N2O N ha-1 a-1). The annual uptake of atmospheric CH4 was between 2.0 and 3.4 kg CH4-C ha-1. The temporal variation of the CH4 uptake could be explained to a large extent (R2 = 0.71) by changes of the water content in the upper 5 cm of the mineral soil. Differences in the annual uptake between stands predominantly result from the spatial variability of the clay content in the 0-5 cm layer (R2 = 0.50). During the growing period (May till November) CH4 uptake increased with decreasing precipitation. There was no evidence for a significant impact of soil acidity, nutrient availability, the thickness of the humus layer or beech abundance on the net uptake of CH4 in this deciduous forest.The subsoil clay content and the litter quality were the most important factors, which determined the spatial variability of soil acidification and nutrients stocks in the upper mineral soil and the organic surface layer. Litter composition and quality in the analyzed stands were influenced by the abundance of beech since nutrient concentrations (e.g. N, Ca, Mg) in leaf litter and litter bioavailability were lower under beech than in mixed stands. The results show that the redistribution of nutrients with tree leaf litter has a high potential to counteract soil acidification and to increase the base saturation in these loess derived soils over limestone. Tree species related differences in the intensity of soil-tree cation cycling were a key factor, which contributed to the observed differences in soil acidity and soil nutrient stocks. The increase in base saturation, leaf litter N input and litter quality with decreasing beech abundance influenced the amount of microbial biomass and, therefore, the gross rates of N transformation and N losses via N2O emissions. The net uptake of atmospheric CH4 was not influenced by the abundance of tree species. For a reliable larger scale estimate of the CH4 sink strength in this mixed deciduous forest detailed information on the spatial distribution of the clay content in the upper mineral soil is necessary. The results suggest that climate change will result in increasing CH4 uptake rates in this region because of the trend towards drier summers and warmer winters.The results of this study show that there are two key factors which determined the spatial variability of the analyzed soil properties and processes in the investigated mixed deciduous forest: 1. The abundance of beech and the associated lower nutrient redistribution in its leaf litter, and 2. the small scale variability of the clay content in the parent material (i.e. in the loess cover). It was difficult to separate these two factors due to the interfering spatial pattern of beech abundance and clay content in this cross-site study within natural stands. Nevertheless, the results contribute to an improved knowledge on the influence of European beech abundance in deciduous mixed forests on soil properties and soil related processes." @default.
- W918940601 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W918940601 creator A5066705502 @default.
- W918940601 date "2022-02-20" @default.
- W918940601 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W918940601 title "Nutrient stocks, acidity, processes of N transformation and net uptake of methane in soils of a temperate deciduous forest with different abundance of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)" @default.
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- W918940601 doi "https://doi.org/10.53846/goediss-2298" @default.
- W918940601 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.
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