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• W9211130 abstract "THE BLACK BOOK: Woodrow Wilson's Secret Plan for Peace. By WESLEY J. REISSER. x and 204 pp.; ills., bibliog., index. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2012. $60.00 (cloth) ISBN 9780739171110; $43.25 (electronic) ASIN B007TBE874. After the U.S. entered World War II, President Woodrow Wilson asked his advisor, Colonel Edward House, to establish the Inquiry to suggest possible postwar territorial settlements. House set up the body, in New York, away from Washington and the State Department. Shortly, the Inquiry moved into the American Geographical Society (AGS) where the AGS director, Isaiah Bowman, assumed an increasingly important role. The Inquiry made full use of the library, the map collection, and the cartographic resources of the society. The Inquiry delivered, suggested statement of Peace Terms (14) to Wilson on December 22, 1917. The ten short sections in the report dealt largely with territorial issues concerning Belgium, northern France, Alsace-Lorraine, Italy, the Balkans, Poland (to be re-established), and the empires of Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans. The last recommendation suggested the creation of a League of Nations. When Wilson wrote the fourteen-points speech, he made full use of the Inquiry material, but did not accept all the suggestions and, in front of the territorial issues, he inserted five points concerning freedom of trade, armament reduction, and open diplomacy reflecting the Wilsonian worldview. The term self-determination (what the British called the nationality principle) was not used in the fourteen points. It is clear, however, that Wilson and the Inquiry wanted new boundaries drawn to reflect ethnography, rather than strategic considerations or territorial commitments made in secret treaties to get countries into the war on the Allied side. In providing ethnographic evidence, the cartographic resources of the AGS were fully utilized and, under the direction of Mark Jefferson, many new maps were created. The fourteen-points speech was delivered to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918 (pp. 4-5). If there was hope that Germany would respond with a negotiation, it quickly faded. Fighting continued into the fall of 1918, until Germany, running out of manpower, knew the war was unwinnable. The German high commanders resigned, leaving politicians to end hostilities. On November 11, 1918, a tough armistice, making no mention of the fourteen points, was imposed upon Germany, effectively ending its ability to restart the war. The Ottoman (October 30) and Austro-Hungarian (November 3) governments had already signed cease-fire terms. By the end of 1918, national delegations were arriving in Paris to work on peace treaties. The U.S. delegation was over 1,000 strong and contained many Inquiry members, with Bowman in charge of their work. The Inquiry had produced numerous reports and maps, more material than delegates could absorb. A summary was called for. Bowman took the lead, resulting in a ninety-two-page report, illustrated by twenty-three maps, each reproduced on a regular page. This was the Black Book issued on January 21, 1919, which is the intriguing centerpiece of Wesley Reisser's book. Only around forty copies were distributed. It was treated as a confidential document and has not been widely used by peace treaty scholars. Bowman's original copy, with annotations, is in the Bowman papers at Johns Hopkins University. Other delegations had access to the Black Book and certainly the maps were often consulted. Over half of Reisser's book is devoted to the impact of the Black Book on boundary making in Paris, under three heads: boundaries that survive today, boundaries that disappeared, and boundaries that were not adopted in Paris. In chapter 3, dealing with negotiating the surviving boundaries, readers are shown how closely the lines on the international map coincide with the Black Book policy proposals. German forces had to leave Alsace-Lorraine within two weeks of the Armistice. …" @default.
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• W9211130 title "THE BLACK BOOK: Woodrow Wilson's Secret Plan for Peace" @default.
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