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• W924578736 abstract "Benchmarking methodology allows you to anticipate change by comparing yourself to a group of aspirational or preferred peers. This model for selecting reference groups could help minimize the impact of politics on the process. INTRODUCTION In a dynamic political environment, the analysis applied to as sensitive an issue as peer comparisons must necessarily reflect the adjustments and compromises that are part of the political process. In return, decision making that draws from sound analysis is more likely to avoid the manipulations of the purely political process. (Weeks, Puckett, and Daron 2000, p. 20) American higher education has long been regarded as a major economic and social engine of change. To maintain this role, institutions must themselves make appropriate changes that keep them aligned with the needs of a dynamic environment. Accomplishing these changes requires institutions to create a roadmap that informs their administration about how they are performing internally and externally relative to goals and to other institutions that are operating in the higher education sector. Developing reliable benchmarks is generally the operational choice for this activity. Benchmarking can also help institutions create an ongoing sense of urgency by alerting them to a need for change (Qayoumi 2012). However, to set appropriate goals and objectives against which to benchmark, an institution must first develop a set of reference institutions. Various types of reference groups are commonly used by higher education institutions to benchmark performance outcomes (McLaughlin and McLaughlin 2007). In fact, interest in forming groups for this purpose is not new; the exploration of statistical methodologies that can be used to group institutions began more than 30 years ago (Brinkman 1987; Brinkman and Teeter 1987; Korb 1982; McLaughlin and McLaughlin 2007; Teeter and Brinkman 1987; Terenzini et al. 1980). The primary objective was then, as it is now, to find an appropriate method for comparing the performance of one institution against norms developed using a relevant group of comparator institutions. Reference group formation thus evolved as an alternative to the industry norm system used by many business sectors to evaluate financial performance. Over time, creating norms through reference group formation has in fact proven to be a viable tool for benchmarking an institution's performance outcomes. Reference group formation is a response both to internal planning needs and to external pressures for accountability in higher education (Bender and Schuh 2002). As noted by Trainer (2008, p. 17): In this age of accountability, transparency, and accreditation, colleges and universities increasingly conduct comparative analyses and engage in benchmarking activities. Meant to inform institutional planning and decision making, comparative analyses and benchmarking are employed to let stakeholders know how an institution stacks up against its peers and, more likely, a set of aspirant institutions--those that organizational leaders seek to emulate. The importance of reference groups has continued to intensify over recent decades due to changing perspectives about how higher education should fulfill its mission. There are increasingly calls for higher education institutions to report performance outcomes to such stakeholders as the government (especially for those institutions that receive state and federal funds), accrediting agencies, bond agencies, and other financial organizations evaluating institutional financial stability (Gaither, Nedwek, and Neal 1994; Townsley 2002). Initially, groups formed around predetermined criteria such as athletic conferences, state institutions, or faith-based institutions (Teeter and Brinkman 1987). Over the last few decades, the emphasis has shifted away from predetermined groups for all purposes to other types of groups. …" @default.
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• W924578736 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W924578736 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W924578736 title "Reference Group Formation Using the Nearest Neighbor Method" @default.
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