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• W926636878 abstract "A seven-year (1988-1994) study of parasitism in grasshopper egg-pods col lected in northeastern Montana and northwestern North Dakota yielded 5822 viable egg pods of 16 acridid species. The two most numerous species were Melanoplus bivittatus Say (3260 pods) and M. sanguinipes (F.) (1197 pods). A total of 577 egg-pods of six grasshopper species was parasitized by four species of scelionid wasps: Scelio opacus (Provancher), S. rufulus Muesebeck, S. semirufus Muesebeck, and S. striativentris Kieffer. Scelio opacus was the dominant parasite species, accounting for 91.7% of the total of parasitized pods. Overall, parasitism of egg-pods by Scelio spp. averaged only 10.7% (577/5382), suggesting that these native parasites have little impact on grasshopper populations. The sex ratios of all four species of Scelio were highly female-biased. Nine new host records and several new geographical distributions for the four species of Scelio were documented. The new hosts recorded for each of the four scelionid species are: (1) Scelio opacus: M. packardii Scudder and Spharagemon equale (Say); (2) Scelio rufulus: Camnula pellucida (Scudder), M. bivittatus, and S. equate', (3) Scelio semirufus: M. bivittatus and M. packardii; and (4) Scelio striativentris: M. packardii and M. sanguinipes. As more rearing data is accumulated, it is likely that more species of Scelio will be found parasitizing more than one acridid host. While not host specific, certain parasite species may be habitat specific. Their apparent preferences for particular species of egg-pods may result from searching in restricted habitats. Species of the genus Scelio (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) occur throughout the world in a wide range of climatic zones (Masner, 1976). The numerous host records suggest that all species ofScelio are solitary, internal parasites of the eggs of acridid grasshoppers (Greathead, 1963; Muesebeck, 1979; Galloway and Austin, 1984). Muesebeck (1972), in the most recent revision of the Scelio of the Nearctic Region, listed 19 species of the genus Scelio, but only seven of these had been reared from identified host eggs. The fact that there are more Scelio species known than there are host records probably is directly related to the difficulty in locating grasshopper egg-pods in the field. The factors involved in host selection by the parasite are not fully understood, but it seems certain that the parasite is attracted by some chemical in the egg pod froth (Murai, 1959; Irshad et al., 1977). After the Scelio female locates a suitable grasshopper egg-pod, she chews a passageway through the froth at the top of the pod until she encounters the grasshopper eggs. Then she backs out, re enters the passageway tail first and using her long ovipositor, she lays eggs in as many host eggs as she can reach. After the Scelio larva hatches, it feeds internally on the contents of a grasshopper egg. When mature, the larva pupates within the egg and a single adult issues during the summer months. Accounts of the biology of Scelio spp. is southern Canada suggest the occurrence of only 1 generation per year (Criddle, 1921; Putnam, 1953; Pickford, 1964). Accepted for publication 12 August 1994. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.131 on Sun, 16 Oct 2016 05:16:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 68, NUMBER 1 75 The main focus of my study was to examine parasitism by Scelio spp. in egg pods of several grasshopper species in eastern Montana and western North Dakota, with an emphasis on Melanoplus bivittatus Say and M. sanguinipes (Fabricius). In this paper, new host associations for four species of North American Scelio are presented and discussed. Materials and Methods Each spring from 1988 through 1994, grasshopper egg-pods were collected from soil in margins of cultivated or fallow fields located adjacent to rangeland. All collections were made from late March through early May, before the onset of egg hatch. Egg-pod collection sites were in Roosevelt Co., Montana and in McKenzie Co., North Dakota. Because of the higher probability of finding egg-pods of M. bivittatus and M. sanguinipes among the upper roots of certain plants, rather than in bare ground (Shotwell, 1941), we intentionally dug up isolated plants or single grass clumps (especially green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.)), lamb's quarters (Che nopodium album L.), annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.), kochia (Kochia scoparia L.), and Russian thistle (Sal sola kali L.)). However, collections of Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) were dug from bare soil in dry rangeland habitats. Care was taken during digging, sifting and handling to prevent breakage of egg-pods. At the laboratory, egg-pods were given a tentative identification and were isolated in 10-dram snap-cap transparent plastic vials. Each egg-pod was buried in a shallow layer (6 cm3) of fine, white silica sand, moistened with 0.1 ml of distilled water and incubated at a constant tem perature of 30?C. To prevent dessication of eggs, additional doses of water were added to the sand at two week intervals. All egg-pods were checked daily for emergence. Emerging grasshopper nymphs were identified to species using diag nostic keys and illustrations presented by Brooks (1958), Handford (1946), and Pfadt (1988). Adult Scelio wasps were identified using the key by Muesebeck (1972). When all emergence of grasshopper nymphs and parasite adults had stopped, each egg-pod was dissected to record the contents and to locate any dead parasite adults within, the pod." @default.
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• W926636878 title "New host records for North American Scelio (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), parasitic on grasshopper eggs (Orthoptera: Acrididae)." @default.
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