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• W93465328 abstract "Brazil encompasses the fifth largest territory in the world and possesses the largest tropical forest on earth. Yet these attributes have not come without a cost: the country faces a diversity of environmental problems that could have irreversible, negative consequences for both its ecology and its people. To address these problems, the Brazilian Government has led the way in developing a space technology program to monitor the environment and it has used data from remote sensing satellites for diverse applications of critical importance to both national and international policymakers. Space technology has been used to study environmentally damaging phenomena, such as deforestation and biomass burning, that contribute significantly to global warming and biodiversity loss. Thanks to satellite data, the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE) is able to conduct annual assessments of gross deforestation and accurately estimate the annual rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazonia. This information has allowed the Brazilian Government to monitor deforestation resulting from logging, fuelwood use and shifting cultivation, as well as to adopt effective measures to reduce the problem. The most recent example of such information usage relates to the evaluation of the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and climate change at the World Climate Convention in Kyoto. The Conference aimed at negotiating a Protocol to assign relative responsibilities to developed countries classified as Annex I Parties, defined during the 1995 First Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Berlin. At that time, non-Annex I Parties--including Brazil--agreed to advance on already existing but non-binding commitments. The energy sector is one of the greatest contributors to [CO.sub.2] emissions, namely the burning of petrol, gas and coal. Brazil falls far behind the United States and China, the first and second leading greenhouse gas producers, respectively. According to recent estimates, Brazil's energy sector emits some 60 million tons of [CO.sub.2] per year, whereas the United States emits 1.5 billion tons, followed by China at 800 million.(1) However, the Brazilian contribution to [CO.sub.2] emissions from land use, including forest clearing, biomass burning and logging, is still unknown. Brazil's Ministry of Science and Technology is presently conducting a study to compile a national inventory of net greenhouse gas emissions that is expected to become available in the next two years. Current data make it clear that Brazil's environmental challenges are significant, and decisive action is needed to meet them. In this paper, I argue that many of Brazil's most pressing environmental concerns can only be addressed using space technology. I will describe Brazil's space technology program as well as endeavors to use satellite data in support of environmental projects, such as deforestation and biomass burning. Considering the importance of the Amazonia region to the global ecosystem--with its abundance of natural resources--I will devote special attention to space technology projects currently underway in the region and the government policies aimed at ensuring sustainable development in the Amazonia and throughout Brazil. BRAZIL'S SPACE PROGRAM The relevance of remote sensing to economic and social development has been identified by many countries, particularly those with large land masses or coastal regions, such as China, Thailand and India. The latter, for example, has used a space program comprised of a satellite and a ground station to improve special farming and agriculture, which has greatly benefited national development. Brazil was one of the first developing countries to engage in space technologies in an institutionalized fashion, creating government organizations dedicated to space in the early 1960s. The Institute for Space Activities, today called the Institute of Aeronautics and Space (IAE),(2) was created in 1969 to develop the capacity necessary to design and build rockets and satellite launchers. …" @default.
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• W93465328 date "1998-03-22" @default.
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• W93465328 title "Space Technology and Environmental Monitoring in Brazil" @default.
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