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• W93646945 abstract "Recent advances in technology, clinical/educational practices, and public policies, as well as changes in economic and workforce demographics, should be expanding employment opportunities for people with disabilities, including those who have significant physical and speech disabilities. However, this has not been the case. According to the 2000 National Organization on Disability/Harris Survey of Americans with Disabilities, employment of people with disabilities decreased between the years 1986 to 2000 from 34% to 32%, with more than 11.3 million people with significant disabilities (76%) being unemployed (National Organization on Disabilities, 2000). This is in contrast to 81% of working-age persons without disabilities who are employed full or part-time. Two out of three unemployed people with disabilities (67%) would prefer to be working. The employment picture is even lower for people with significant physical and speech disabilities who rely on technology for mobility and communication. A survey conducted in 1993 of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) professionals from North America, the United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Australia suggested that only 14% of the 5,333 AAC users known to these professionals were employed in some way (Blackstone, 1993). This level of joblessness is higher than that of any other disability group (Blackorby & Wagner, 1996) and the implications are profound. As noted by Williams (1995), a job may mean you can determine where you live, what you eat, how you spend your leisure time, how you feel about yourself, and how your neighbors and community see you as a person. In short, having a job may mean more control over what you do with your life (p.1). Not having a job may mean not only reduced control over your life, it may also lead to a shorter life. The percentage of adults with disabilities living in poverty is almost three times that of the nondisabled population; individuals with disabilities are almost twice as likely as individuals without disabilities to be deprived of needed medical care because of financial reasons (National Organization on Disability, 2000). While the issue of employment for people who use AAC is compelling, only recently have professionals and advocates started to address it. A 15 year review of publications in the AAC Journal from 1985 through 2000, revealed only five published studies focusing on employment of people who rely on AAC (Balandin & Iacono, 1999; Light, Stoltz, & McNaughton, 1996; Miranda, 1996; and Odom & Upthegrove, 1997). The level of evidence provided in these publications was a combination of authority (Miranda, 1996); case study (Odom & Upthegrove, 1997); survey (Light et al., 1996) and observation (Balandin & Iacono, 1999). Beginning in 1993 and continuing almost annually, the Pittsburgh Employment Conference (PEC) for Augmented Communicators has advanced the importance of employment among researchers, manufacturers, clinicians, and policymakers. At the first PEC in 1993, fewer than 25 individuals who use AAC were identified as having community-based employment in the United States. In the rest of the industrially developed world, there may be only a dozen augmented communicators with community-based employment (Baker, 1993). More recent research supports this negative view of employment of individuals who use AAC (Bryen, Slesaransky & Baker, 1995; McNaughton & Bryen, in press; Slesaransky, 1998) The high incidence of unemployment for individuals who use AAC may result from a variety of factors, including skill limitations, lack of education and job preparation, attitudinal barriers within society, transportation barriers, architectural barriers, technology limitations, policy barriers, and other factors (Bryen & Moulton, 1998; Light et al., 1996). In recent years, individuals with significant disabilities, and their supporters, have advocated strongly for the right of individuals who use AAC to be full participants in the workplace and society (Bryen & Moulton, 1998; Miranda, 1996). …" @default.
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• W93646945 date "2004-01-01" @default.
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• W93646945 title "Augmentative Communication Employment Training and Supports (ACETS): Some Employment-Related Outcomes" @default.
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