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• W944930931 abstract "The use of organic residues as amendments to improve soil organic matter level and long term soil fertility is gaining importance due to their potential for improving soil health and productivity. Conversion of crop residues in order to ameliorate soil characteristics depends on their quality and maturity, which in turn depends upon the composition of the initial materials. In developing countries, most crop residues are used as animal feed, housing materials and fuel woods or burnt to ease the preparation for the next crop or for disease and insect control. As has been repeatedly pointed out, burning needs to be discouraged, because it destroys a major part of organic matter with a simultaneous loss of the volatile elements such as nitrogen and sulfur, and should be avoided unless absolutely necessary for pest control. In the Sudan agricultural residues are wasted annually at the end of each growing season; cotton residues in particular are annually burnt in order to prevent the spread of bacterial blight which causes 35% losses of productivity of the following season.This study was done in two parts; laboratory and green house experiment which was implemented in the Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Germany, and the second part was in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Different experiments were carried out; evaluation of the decomposition of cotton residues under composting and vermicomposting and phytoxicity bioassay test to evaluate finished compost and vermicompost suitability for agricultural applications was also conducted. Results of these experiments led to a pot trial to investigate ryegrass nutrients uptake. Simultaneously, a nitrogen incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the rate of the mineralized nitrogen from compost and vermicompost. In attempts to find an alternative to the burning of cotton residues, an experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of composting and vermicomposting to lessen the colony forming units of the cotton bacterial blight.For this work, cotton residues were collected from farms located in El-Gazira Irrigated Farming Systems (El-Gazira State, Sudan) while soil samples were collected from the surface (0-30 cm) of Shambat soil. The farm yard manure (FYM) was gathered from a farm near the Faculty of Agriculture- University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, for the work carried out in Sudan; and from the Institute of Animal Husbandry, University of Goettingen, Germany, for the experiment conducted in Germany.Periodic samples analysis was carried out where total carbon and total nitrogen were determined by dry combustion on an elemental analyzer, while ammonium and nitrate concentrations were conducted on fresh samples using micro-Kjeldahl distillation methods and the mineral nitrogen was calculated as addition of ammonium and nitrate. Phosphorus was analyzed following the molybdate blue complex method and then measured spectrophotometrically. While the electrical conductivity and pH were determined in a suspension of 1:10 (w/v) compost: water ratio. Some macro and micro nutrients were measured according to a method using pressure digestion system.Different studies have been conducted in University of Goettingen, Germany. The first study characterized the composted and vermicomposted cotton residues for their chemical composition and agronomic value and aimed to (1) monitor chemical changes during composting and vermicomposting of cotton residues, (2) to elaborate and correlate the results of the chemical changes with the data of the bioassays performed on plants and (3) to determine quality parameters that best describe finished composts and vermicomposts.The results of this part showed that analyses of the compost and vermicompost have shown a broad variation in pH, total N, total C, C:N ratio, EC, and mineral contents. The finished compost and vermicompost values of the C:N (15.4 and 15.2 for compost and vermicompost, respectively), pH (6.6 for compost and 7.9 for vermicompost) and EC (2.96 dS m-1 and 1.62 dS m-1 for compost and vermicompost, respectively) are within the common ranges advised for the mature materials (C:N 15-20; pH 5.5-8.0; EC 4 dS m-1) except for the value NH4-N:NO3-N (1.57) of the finished compost which is far above the advised value (0.16) while the value of the finished vermicompost (0.1) is below the threshold value.A correlation between NH4-N, NO3-N, EC, C:N, and pH were conducted. For vermicompost, the correlation coefficients between C:N ratio and NH4-N, NO3-N, pH and EC were r =0.86 (P <0.01), -0.79 (P <0.01), 0.91 (P <0.01) and -0.77 (P <0.01), respectively. Ammonium-N concentration was well correlated to NO3-N (r =-0.95, P <0.01). The negative correlation between NH4-N and NO3-N indicated that material underwent active biological decomposition; this result was supported with the value of NH4-N:NO3-N ratio. The significant negative correlation between C:N ratio and NO3-N (r =-0.79, P <0.01) and C:N and NH4-N mirrored the trend of vermicomposting. For the compost; the correlation coefficients between C:N ratio and NH4-N, NO3-N, pH and EC were r =0.88 (P <0.01), 0.94 (P <0.01), 0.59 (P =0.02) and -0.72 (P <0.01), respectively. Ammonium-N concentration was also well correlated with NO3-N (r =0.80, P <0.01). This study further suggested that the reduction in C:N ratio with time can be taken as a reliable parameter to mirror the progress in decomposition especially when combined with NH4-N, NO3-N, pH, and EC for vermicompost and with NH4-N, pH, and EC for compost.Organic materials may exert harmful effect on plants or germinating seeds, therefore, phytotoxicity bioassay test as an important indicator of their quality was conducted aiming at evaluating the toxicity and suitability of the finished composts and vermicomposts from cotton residues on the germination of cress seed. The effects of water extracts of different substrates were investigated where germinated seeds were counted and primary root length of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) was measured. Germination indexes obtained for vermicompost (>80%) are greater than the values advised for the mature compost (>70%) while compost (>50%) did not attain it. Results of this work showed that finished vermicompost performed best in cress bioassay and could be considered mature while compost did show adverse effects on seed germination and may need more time to be processed.The evaluation of the finished compost and vermicompost facilitated its application as a constituent of pot materials for the ryegrass growth. A simultaneous nitrogen mineralization incubation experiment under laboratory conditions was conducted in order to evaluate compost and vermicompost N release and also to predict the long term effect of their application. Both parts aimed at determining the performance of compost and vermicompost for plant growth after single application, testing the reliability of the N fate predicted by incubation experiment, and assessing potentially mineralizable nitrogen from compost and vermicompost. In order to reach those aims, a pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Crop Sciences - Georg-August University, Göttingen under natural lighting and ambient temperature. Compost and vermicompost corresponded to 4 and 8 g N pot-1 were used, respectively. Finished compost and vermicompost used in the pot experiment have been incubated to study the N mineralization.Data from the pot experiment showed that, for both rates of compost and vermicompost, biomass yields declined sharply after the second harvest and the significant differences (P <0.05) was only calculated for the first, second, and the last harvests. The biomass of the first and the last harvests of the pots amended with vermicompost corresponded to 4 g N pot-1 (VER1) were 1.4 and 0.1 g kg-1, respectively, while the ryegrass biomass sown on pots amended with vermicompost corresponded to 8 g N pot-1 (VER2) were 0.8 g kg-1 for the first harvest and 0.2 g kg-1 for the last one. While the results from pots amended with compost corresponded to 4 g N pot-1 (CPF1) were 1.8 and 0.1 g kg-1, respectively, ryegrass biomass sown on pots amended with compost corresponded to 8 g N pot-1 (CPF2) were 1.4 g kg-1 for the first harvest and 0.3 g kg-1 for the last one. Observed reduction in biomass in all pots amended with compost or vermicompost at 30 days onwards, seems to be the result of an extreme shortage of available N to the ryegrass especially for pots amended with vermicompost. This suggestion was pronounced in the vermicompost and was further supported by the visual signs of N deficiency (chlorosis).Results also showed that for both compost and vermicompost amended pots, total N of ryegrass followed the trend observed in the biomass where the higher N content was observed at the first harvest and the lowest at the last one. The ranges of N content of the compost rates were 6.1-6.4% and 2.4-2.9% for harvest at 10 days and 70 days, respectively. While the ranges of the vermicomposted amended pots were 3.7-4.0% for the harvest at 10 days and 1.9-2.1% for the harvest at 70 days. For most of the harvests, the N content of ryegrass grown on pots amended with compost are within the sufficiency levels (3-4.2%) of N for the normal growth while the only values of the vermicompost amended pots that felt within this range were confined to harvest at 10, 60 and 70 days. However, the efficiency of crop N uptake was low (> 80% of N was not utilized by the crop).Results of the N incubation experiment showed that maximum and minimum values of total mineral N varied between the compost and vermicompost application rates. Accordingly, values were found to range from 9.41 to 44.0 mg N kg-1 for the vermicompost corresponding to 4 g N pot-1 (VER1), 13.2 to 51.0 mg N kg-1 for vermicompost corresponding to 8 g N pot-1 (VER2), 7.2 to 27.4 mg N kg-1 for compost corresponding to 4 g N pot-1 (CPF1), and 4.2 to 46.0 mg N kg-1 for compost corresponding to 8 g N pot-1 (CPF2).Net N mineralization at the end of the incubation period was significantly (P <0.001) different between compost and vermicompost and their application rates. Soils amended with vermicompost corresponding to 4 g N pot-1 (VER1), vermicompost corresponding to 8 g N pot-1 (VER2), and compost corresponding to 8 g N pot-1 (CPF2) resulted in net N mineralization approximately double that that reported for soils amended with compost corresponding to 4 g N pot-1 (CPF1). However, results of the N incubation experiment gave general indications of N availability for crops and suggested that application of composted and vermicomposted cotton residues for a period longer than three weeks before sowing the subsequent crops may subject N to losses.In order to find an alternative of burning cotton residues, part of this work also investigated the efficacy of compost and vermicompost to suppress bacterial blight. Infected cotton residues was collected and processed under composting and vermicomposting. Fresh samples were monthly collected and cultured in a semi-selective media following the serial dilution method. Pathogen numbers was counted as colony forming units per fresh weight after 3-4 days incubation under optimum conditions.Results showed that the reduction in the pathogen population (calculated as the difference between pathogen population in the compost and the control) considerably varied. For the compost, the values were < 2% after 30 days, > 40% after 60 days and around 38% after 150 days of decomposition. While for the vermicompost, the reductions were > 10% after 30 days, > 22% after 60 and > 88% for samples taken at 150 days. The results also showed that the highest pathogens number was found during the first sampling date and consequently decreased with time (r = 0.71; P ≤ 0.0001). This study concluded that both composting and vermicomposting succeeded to mitigate colony forming units (CFU g fresh material-1) of the pathogens and proposed them as possible processes to manage the infected cotton residues instead of burning.Overall, the study (1) proposed that composting and vermicomposting can be used as possible processes to manage the infected cotton residues instead of burning, (2) suggested that the reduction in C:N ratio with time can be taken as a reliable parameter to mirror the progress in decomposition especially when combined with NH4-N, NO3-N, pH, and EC for vermicomposting and while with NH4-N, pH, and EC for composting, (3) recommended that 240 ton ha-1 of the finished compost and vermicompost can be applied for agricultural purposes. Additionally, this work suggested simple and practical procedures for composting and vermicomposting of the organic wastes that can constructed from local materials and method to rear earthworms for vermicomposting and different other purposes." @default.
• W944930931 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W944930931 creator A5075758178 @default.
• W944930931 date "2022-02-20" @default.
• W944930931 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
• W944930931 title "Effect of Composted and Vermicomposted Cotton Residues on Nutrient Contents, Ryegrass Growth and Bacterial Blight Mitigation" @default.
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• W944930931 doi "https://doi.org/10.53846/goediss-3791" @default.
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