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• W96090110 abstract "WHY RIGHTS OF MAN? Individual possession of rights beyond the reach of any governmental power was not an invention of the American Revolution. perception of being situated in a centuries-old common law tradition, reaching back at least to Magna Carta, (1) had helped to create a legal culture which rested on the conviction that the liberties of the individual had a solid legal foundation. English revolutions during the seventeenth century had largely contributed to the impression that the Englishman was secure in his rights as they were confirmed in such highly appreciated laws as the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, (2) the Bill of Rights of 1689, (3) and the Act of Settlement of 1701. (4) American perception of the English legal tradition, together with its interpretation by British courts, lawyers, the European discourse on natural law, (5) and above all John Locke, (6) put a stamp on the American Revolution. Debates over Britain's policies towards its American subjects soon resulted in a general discussion on the responsibilities of government and its obligations towards the individual. (7) Gerald Stourzh has aptly called this process the evolution from the fundamentalizing of human rights to their constitutionalization. (8) As early as 1776, Americans had set out to apply this framework of legal and political ideas to the constitutionalization of human rights. As an increasing number of colonists throughout all ranks understood it, historical and political experience delivered one of their main arguments and contributed to a situation in which the controversial British policies were increasingly contested, not on political grounds but on a principled basis of law. (9) James Wilson, a founding father, the first law professor at the College of Philadelphia, and an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (10) developed the argument further: Did man, when he left the state of nature, surrender his natural rights only to acquire security as a feeble compensation guaranteed by a superior power? Government, he answered, should be formed to secure and to enlarge the exercise of the natural rights of its members; and every government, which has not this in view, as its principal object, is not a government of the legitimate kind. (11) More than ten years earlier, the famous Essex Result of 1778 expressed similar ideas: when man enters society he does not surrender his inalienable rights, but only his alienable rights for the common good. (12) The supreme power therefore can do nothing but what is for the good of the whole; and when it goes beyond this line, it is a power usurped. (13) But which rights does man possess? Against which power must they be protected? What are the principal results of the first seventy-five years of the constitutionalization of the rights of man in America? And finally, in what way did the American declarations of rights differ from the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789? In order to answer these questions, all American declarations of rights of the period will be analyzed and considered both as a unitary corpus of documents and in their historical evolution. (14) WHICH RIGHTS OF MAN? Between 1776 and 1849, seventy-eight constitutions were officially drafted in the United States, of which twenty-one were never put into practice. (15) Of the fifty-seven constitutions adopted, 10% failed to contain any reference to a single human right. (16) Furthermore, 20% of the remaining fifty-one constitutions addressed only a fairly limited number of rights. (17) last of these constitutions before mid-century to do so were the 1845 constitution of Louisiana and the 1846 constitution of New York. omission of a declaration of rights could constitute a reason for rejecting a proposed constitution, as was the case in Massachusetts in 1778. (18) More importantly, the necessity of a declaration of rights became manifest in the debates over the ratification of the Federal Constitution in 1787 and 1788. …" @default.
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• W96090110 date "2004-03-22" @default.
• W96090110 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W96090110 title "Human Rights in America, 1776-1849: Rediscovering the States' Contribution" @default.
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